Fizikisi Yekutanga yeChiedza
Chiedza chimwe chezvinhu zvakasikwa zvine chekuita nehupenyu hwevanhu. Tinoda kuti chione, chishandise tekinoroji (kubva kumakamera kusvika kufiber optics), uye tichidzidze kuti tinzwisise chimiro chepasi rose. Mufizikisi, chiedza chinoonekwa semhando yesimba rinogona kupararira, kudyidzana nezvinhu, uye kuratidza zvinhu zvinoonekwa semafungu uye dzimwe nguva sezvimedu. Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura muchidimbu asi zvakazara fizikisi yechiedza: tsananguro yacho, zvinhu zvemafungu, zvinhu zvezvimedu, kudyidzana nezvinhu, uye mamwe mashandisirwo azvo.
1. Chiedza chii?
Panyama, chiedza igwenga remagetsi rinogona kupararira pasina chinhu chinofambisa mhepo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti hazvidi mhepo kana chimwe chinhu chinofambisa mhepo kuti chifambe. Ndokusaka chiedza chezuva chichigona kusvika kuNyika kuburikidza nenzvimbo isina chinhu.
Chiedza chinogona kuonekwa neziso remunhu chinonzi chiedza chinooneka, chine marefu ewavelength anotangira pa400 nm (violet) kusvika pa700 nm (tsvuku). Kunze kwenzvimbo iyoyo, kune mamwe mafungu emagetsi akadai se infrared, ultraviolet, microwave, redhiyo, uye X-rays. Zvese izvi chaizvoizvo "zvinofananidzwa" nechiedza, zvinongosiyana chete muwavelength nesimba.
2. Chiedza seMafungu eElectromagnetic
Mudzidziso yemagetsi (yakaumbwa mukuenzanisa kwaMaxwell), chiedza chine minda yemagetsi nemagineti inotenderera yakatarisana uye yakatarisanawo negwara rekupararira. Hunhu hwemafungu aya hunopa chiedza hunhu hwakawanda hwakakosha:
a. Urefu hwemafungu uye mafrequency
– Wavelength (λ) inhambwe iri pakati pemafungu maviri akatevedzana.
– Frequency (f) inhamba yekudedera kwesekondi.
- Ose ane chekuita nekumhanya kwechiedza (c) kuburikidza ne equation:
c = λ f
Munzvimbo isina chinhu, kumhanya kwechiedza kunosvika 3 × 10⁸ m/s. Kukosha uku kunoonekwa seimwe yezvinhu zvakakosha zvechisikigo. Zvisinei, kana chiedza chikapinda mune imwe nzvimbo yakaita semvura kana girazi, kumhanya kwacho kunoderera.
b. Simba uye Hukama Hwaro neMaitiro Ekufamba-famba
Kunyangwe tiri kutaura nezve wavelength uye frequency tichitarisa mafungu, simba rechiedza rine hukama hwakasimba ne frequency. Kana frequency yakakwira (wavelength ipfupi), simba racho rinokurawo.
3. Zvishoma seZvidimbu: Maphotoni
Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, kuyedza kwakawanda kwakaratidza kuti tsananguro yemafungu chete yakanga isina kukwana. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nepfungwa yekuti chiedza chinogonawo kuonekwa semapaketi esimba anonzi maphoton. Simba rephoton rinopiwa ne:
E = hf
apo h ndiyo nguva dzose yaPlanck.
Maonero aya akakosha pakutsanangura zviitiko zvakaita semhedzisiro ye photoelectric, apo chiedza chinorova pamusoro pesimbi chinoita kuti maerekitironi abudiswe. Zvinofadza kuti maerekitironi anoburitswa chete kana frequency yechiedza yakakwira zvakakwana, kunyangwe simba rayo riri shoma. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti simba rechiedza rinouya mu "madonhwe" (photons), pane kuyerera kunoenderera mberi sekufungidzira mumuenzaniso we classical wave.
Mukupedzisa, chiedza chine hunyanza hwemafungu nezvikamu: pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu chinoita semafungu, uye pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu sezvikamu.
4. Kudyidzana kweChiedza neMatter
Kana chiedza chikasangana nechinhu, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinogona kuitika: chinogona kuratidzwa, kudzorwa, kunyudzwa, kana kupfuudzwa. Maitiro aya anoenderana nehunhu hwechinhu chacho uye hupamhi hwechiedza.
a. Kufungisisa
Kupenya kunoitika kana chiedza chikasvetuka kubva pamusoro, senge girazi. Mutemo wekuona mwenje unoti:
– Angle yechiitiko = angle yekufungisisa
– Mwaranzi wechiitiko, mutsetse wakajairika, uye mwaranzi unoratidzwa zviri muchikamu chimwe chete.
Kufungisisa kunogona kuva:
– Yakajairika (specular): nzvimbo yakatsetseka yakaita segirazi, inoita kuti pave nemufananidzo wakajeka.
– Kupararira: nzvimbo dzakaomarara sepepa, dzinoonekwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana kuitira kuti pasave nemimvuri yakapinza inoumbwa.
b. Kupatsanura
Kuchinja kwechiedza pachapfuura nemumativi maviri akasiyana, semuenzaniso kubva mumhepo kuenda kumvura. Izvi zvinoitika nekuti kumhanya kwechiedza kunochinja mumativi akasiyana. Refractive index (n) inotsanangurwa se:
n = c/v
apo v ndiyo kumhanya kwechiedza pakati nepakati.
Kupatsanura kunotsanangura zvinoitika zuva nezuva: uswa hunoita sehwakakombama kana hwakaiswa mugirazi remvura, kana kuti pasi pedziva panoita sepakadzika kupfuura zvahuri chaizvo.
c. Kupararira
Kupararira ndiko kupatsanurwa kwechiedza kuita mavara akasiyana nekuda kwekusiyana kwe refraction yema wavelength akasiyana. Ma prism ave achipatsanura chiedza chichena kuita mavara akasiyana-siyana kubvira pakuedza kwaNewton. Ma rainbow anokonzerwawo nekupararira nekudzikamiswa kwezuva nemadonhwe emvura mumhepo.
d. Kunyudzwa uye Kuburitswa Kwemhepo
Zvinhu zvinogona kupinza simba rechiedza; simba iri rinowanzo shandurwa kuita kupisa. Kusiyana neizvi, zvinhu zvinogonawo kuburitsa chiedza (chinopenya), senge mabarabhu kana nyeredzi. Pachiyero cheatomu, kubuda kunoitika kana maerekitironi achifamba kubva padanho repamusoro kuenda padanho repasi resimba uye oburitsa maphotoni.
5. Kupatsanurana kwechiedza
Polarization chiratidzo chinoratidza divi rekuzunguzika kwesimba remagetsi mumafungu echiedza. Chiedza chechisikigo (semuenzaniso, chinobva kuZuva) chinowanzova chisina polarized, zvichireva kuti divi rekuzunguzika kwaro harina kurongeka. Zvisinei, chiedza chinogona kuparadzaniswa kuburikidza nefirita inoparadzanisa kana nekuratidzira pakona chaiyo.
Polarization ine mashandisirwo akawanda: Magirazi ePolaroid anoderedza kupenya, LCD screens dzinoshandisa musimboti wepolarization, uye mufizikisi yemazuva ano polarization inobatsira mukuongorora zvinhu uye nyeredzi.
6. Kupatsanurwa uye Kupindira: Humbowo hweMafungu
Zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha zvinoratidza divi remafungu echiedza ndeizvi:
– Kupindira: kusimba kana kusasimba kwechiedza kana mafungu maviri asangana. Semuenzaniso, maitiro erima-rima mukuyedza kwaYoung kwekucheka kaviri.
– Kupatsanurwa: kukotama kwechiedza pachinopfuura nepaburi rakamanikana kana pamucheto wechinhu. Izvi zvinotsanangura kuti sei mimvuri isingawanzova nemipendero yakapinza zvakakwana.
Kuedza kwe "double-slit" kwakakurumbira nekuratidza maitiro akasimba ekupindira. Kunyangwe kana ma "photon" akapfurwa rimwe nerimwe, maitiro ekupindira anoramba aripo mushure mekunge ma "photon" akawanda aungana. Izvi zvinoratidza hunhu hwakasiyana hwe "quantum": chiedza hachigone kutsanangurwa se "classical particle" kana "classical wave".
7. Kushandiswa kweChiedza muTekinoroji
Kunzwisisa chiedza kwakabereka matekinoroji mazhinji emazuva ano, semuenzaniso:
– Magirazi nemaziso: magirazi, maikorosikopu, materesikopu.
– Laser: inoshandiswa mumabasa ekurapa, kucheka kwemaindasitiri, mabarcode scanners, kutaurirana, uye kutsvagisa.
– Optical fiber: inotumira data reinternet ichishandisa chiedza chisina kurasikirwa kukuru kuburikidza nekutarisa kwemukati kwese.
– Makamera nemasensa: CCD/CMOS inoshandura maphoton kuita masaini emagetsi, ichishandisa mhedzisiro yequantum.
Tekinoroji iyi inoshanda nekuti tinonzwisisa kuti chiedza chinofamba sei, chinoshanda sei nezvinhu, uye chinotakura simba.
Mhedziso
Chiedza chinhu chakakosha uye chakakosha mufizikisi: imhepo inofamba nekukurumidza inoumbwa nemaphoton, huwandu hwesimba. Tichishandisa pfungwa dzewavelength, frequency, refractive index, reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, uye polarization, tinogona kutsanangura zviitiko zvakawanda zvechisikigo uye kugadzira matekinoroji akakosha. Kunzwisisa fizikisi yechiedza kunoreva kunzwisisa imwe ye "mitauro" mikuru yemuchadenga - kubatanidza atomic scale, hupenyu hwezuva nezuva, uye cosmos.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kuwedzera mifananidzo yepfungwa idzi (semuenzaniso madhayagiramu e refraction, electromagnetic spectrum, kana kuedza kwe double-slit) kana kugadzira shanduro yakakurumbira yenyaya iyi yevadzidzi vepakati nepasekondari.
