Pepa reFizikisi pamusoro peMitemo yaNewton
Pendauluan
Fizikisi ibazi resainzi yechisikigo rinoongorora zviitiko nemaitiro emuchadenga kuburikidza nekucherechedza, kuyera, uye kuumbwa kwemitemo inoshanda zvakanyanya. Imwe yenheyo huru dzefizikisi yekare ndiyo Mitemo yekufamba yaNewton. Mitemo iyi yakagadzirwa naSir Isaac Newton muzana remakore rechi17 uye inoshanda sehwaro hwekunzwisisa kuti zvinhu zvinofamba sei uye kuti masimba anokanganisa sei shanduko mukufamba ikoko. Pasinei nekubuda kwehukama hwemazuva ano uye quantum mechanics, Mitemo yaNewton ichiri yakakosha zvikuru pakutsanangura zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvezuva nezuva, kunyanya pachiyero chezvinhu zvinofamba nekumhanya kudiki pane kumhanya kwechiedza.
Mitemo yaNewton haisi seti yemafomula chete, asi ipfungwa yesainzi yekufunga nezvehukama huripo pakati pesimba, huremu, uye kukurumidza. Mashandisirwo ayo akakura, kubva pakuverenga kufamba kwemotokari nekugadzirwa kwebhiriji kusvika pakuongorora mitambo uye kunyange tekinoroji yendege neyemuchadenga. Pepa rino richakurukura zvakarongeka mitemo mitatu yaNewton, pfungwa dzesimba nehuremu, uye mienzaniso yekushandiswa kwayo muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Pfungwa Huru: Simba, Misa, uye Kufamba
Tisati takurukura mitemo mitatu yaNewton, zvakakosha kunzwisisa pfungwa huru dzinobatanidzwa. Simba kusunda kana kudhonza kunogona kuchinja mamiriro ekufamba kwechinhu. Simba rine hukuru uye gwara, zvichiita kuti rive vhekita yehuwandu. Chikamu cheSI chesimba ndiNewton (N), chinotsanangurwa sesimba rinodiwa kuti ripe kukurumidza kwe1 m/s² kuhuremu hwe1 kg.
Huremu hunoyera kusagadzikana kwechinhu, kureva kuti, tsika yacho yekuchengetedza mamiriro acho ekufamba. Huremu hwechinhu hwakakura, zvinova zvakaoma kukurumidza kana kumira. Huremu hwakasiyana nehuremu. Huremu isimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi rinoita basa pachinhu, uye nekudaro zvinoenderana nekumhanya kwesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi.
Kufamba mufizikisi kunowanzo dzidzwa kuburikidza nenzvimbo, kumhanya, uye kukurumidza kwehuwandu. Kumhanya kunoratidza kuti nzvimbo inochinja nekukurumidza sei maererano nenguva, ukuwo kukurumidza kuchiratidza kuchinja kwekukurumidza panguva imwe neimwe. Mitemo yaNewton inobatanidza simba nekumhanya, nokudaro ichipa zambuko pakati pechikonzero (simba) nemhedzisiro (kuchinja kwekufamba).
Mutemo wekutanga waNewton (Mutemo wekusagadzikana)
Mutemo wekutanga waNewton unoti: "Chinhu chinoramba chakamira kana kufamba mumutsara wakatwasuka nekumhanya kunogara kuripo kana simba remagetsi richishanda pachiri riri zero." Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana pasina simba remagetsi rinokanganisa chinhu, chinhu hachizoshanduki kumhanya.
Pfungwa huru mumutemo uyu ndeyekusafamba zvakanaka. Kusafamba zvakanaka kunotsanangura kuti sei vafambi vemota vachisundidzirwa mberi kana mota ikangoerekana yabhureka. Sezvo mota ichinonoka kumhanya, muviri wemufambi unowanzo ramba uchifamba mberi nekuda kwekusafamba zvakanaka. Ndosaka mabhandi ekuchengetedza chigaro achikosha, sezvo achipa simba rinomisa muviri kuti usarambe uchifamba mberi.
Mumwe muenzaniso ndewechinhu chiri patafura. Chinhu chinoramba chakazorora nekuti hapana simba rakatwasuka rinoita kuti chifambe; simba rekudzika regiravhiti nesimba repamusoro retafura zvinoenzana, saka simba rinobuda i zero. Saka, mutemo wekutanga unosimbisa kuti shanduko mukufamba inoitika chete kana paine simba risingabudisi zero.
Mutemo Wechipiri waNewton (Ukama huripo pakati peSimba, Misa, uye Kukurumidzisa)
Mutemo weChipiri waNewton ndiwo musimboti wemakanika ekare uye unoti: "Kukurumidza kwechinhu kunoenderana nesimba rinobuda pachiri uye kunoenderana nehuremu hwacho." Pamasvomhu, inogadzirwa se:
ΣF = m · a
Pano, ΣF isimba rinobuda (N), m ihuremu (kg), uye a ihuremu (m/s²). Fomura iyi inoratidza zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha. Chekutanga, kana simba rinoshandiswa pachinhu chine huremu husingachinji, kukurumidza kunobva kwacho kunowedzera. Chechipiri, kune simba rimwe chetero, chinhu chine huremu hukuru chichawana kukurumidza kudiki.
Semuenzaniso, kusunda ngoro yekutengera isina chinhu kuri nyore pane kusunda yakazara. Ngoro yakazara ine huremu hwakakura, saka kusunda kwacho kudiki kune simba rimwe chete rekusunda. Mienzaniso yemitambo yakajekawo: bhora retennis riri nyore kusunda kupfuura bhora rebowling nekuti huremu hwaro hudiki zvikuru.
Mutemo Wechipiri waNewton unobatsirawo kuongorora masimba anoshanda pachinhu, akadai sekukweshana, kumanikidzwa kwetambo, simba rechitubu, uye simba rinokwevera pasi. Pakugadzirisa matambudziko, dhayagiramu yemuviri wakasununguka inowanzo shandiswa kuratidza masimba ese ari kushanda kuitira kuti simba rinobuda rigone kuverengwa nemazvo.
Mutemo wechitatu waNewton (Chiito neMaitiro)
Mutemo wechitatu waNewton unoti: "Pachiito chimwe nechimwe, pane maitiro akaenzana uye akasiyana." Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana chinhu A chikashandisa simba pachinhu B, saka chinhu B chinoshandisa simba rakaenzana pachinhu A asi nenzira yakasiyana.
Mutemo uyu unowanzo nzwisiswa zvisina kunaka nekuti vanhu vanofunga kuti chiito nekuita zvinokanganisana. Kutaura zvazviri, masimba maviri aya anoshanda pazvinhu zviviri zvakasiyana, saka haachinji pane chimwe chinhu chimwe chete. Semuenzaniso, kana munhu akamira pasi, tsoka dzake dzinoisa simba rekudzika pasi (chiito), uye pasi rinoisa simba rekukwira patsoka dzake (chiito). Nekuti simba rekuita rinobva pasi rakakura zvakakwana kuti rienzane nehuremu hwake, munhu anogona kumira asingadonhe.
Mumwe muenzaniso unozivikanwa zvikuru kufamba kweroketi. Roketi rinopfura gasi kumashure nekumhanya kukuru (action), uye gasi rinozobva rasundidzira mberi roketi (reaction), richirisundidzira kumusoro. Nheyo imwecheteyo inoshanda kubharumu rinosiyiwa risina kusungwa: mhepo inobuda ichienda kune rimwe divi, uye bharumu rinosundidzirwa kune rimwe divi.
Kushandiswa kweMitemo yaNewton muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva
Mitemo yaNewton inowanikwa mumabasa akawanda. Mukufambisa, dhizaini yemotokari inofunga nezvemasimba akasiyana-siyana akadai sesimba reinjini, kudzivirira mhepo, uye kukweshana kwematayi. Kana mota ikatenderera, simba repakati rinodiwa kuchengetedza nzira yedenderedzwa yemotokari; kana kukweshana kusina kukwana, mota inogona kukweshana.
Muinjiniya, kuvakwa kwezvivakwa nemabhiriji kunoda ongororo yekuenzana kwesimba (Mutemo wekutanga waNewton). Zvivakwa zvinofanirwa kugadzirwa kuitira kuti masimba anobuda panguva dzakatarwa asakonzere kudonha. Muhunyanzvi hwemichina inorema, Mutemo wechipiri waNewton unoshandiswa kuona simba rinodiwa kuti muchina usimudze kana kufambisa mutoro chaiwo.
Mumitambo, vatambi vanoshandisa mutemo wekuita-kuita. Mumhanyi anosundira pasi, izvo zvinosundira mumhanyi mberi. Mushambiri anosundira mumvura, izvo zvinosundira mushambiri mberi. Simba rinosundira rinoshanda zvikuru, uye kukurumidza kunobva kwaitika kunowedzera.
Miganhu yeMitemo yaNewton
Kunyange zvazvo zvichibatsira zvikuru, mitemo yaNewton ine miganhu. Yakarurama zvakanyanya pazvinhu zvemacroscopic zvine kumhanya kwakaderera. Pakumhanya kuri kusvika kumhanya kwechiedza, dzidziso yaEinstein ye relativity inova yakarurama zvakanyanya nekuti huremu nenguva zvinobudirira hazvisisina kukwana. Pachiyero chemaatomu nezvikamu zvepasi, quantum mechanics inodiwa nekuti maitiro ezvikamu haagone kutsanangurwa chete nemasimba ekare uye nzira.
Zvisinei, pamatambudziko mazhinji ezuva nezuva uye mashandisirwo akawanda einjiniya, Mitemo yaNewton ichiri nzira huru nekuti iri nyore, inoshanda, uye yakarurama zvine mwero.
Mhedziso
Mitemo yaNewton ihwaro hwakakosha mufizikisi yekare inotsanangura hukama huripo pakati pesimba nekufamba. Mutemo wekutanga waNewton unoti chinhu chicharamba chiri mumamiriro acho ekufamba kana simba rinobuda riri zero. Mutemo wechipiri waNewton unotsanangura kuti kukurumidza kunoenderana zvakananga nesimba rinobuda uye kunoenderana nehuremu, zvakagadzirwa se ΣF = m·a. Mutemo wechitatu waNewton unosimbisa musimboti wekuita-kuita, kuti simba rega rega rinogara riine mumwe ane hukuru hwakaenzana uye hwakapesana.
Nekunzwisisa mitemo iyi mitatu, tinogona kuongorora zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvechisikigo uye zvetekinoroji, kubva pakufamba kuri nyore muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva kusvika pakugadzirwa kwemichina nemotokari. Pasinei nekusakwana kwayo mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, Mitemo yaNewton inoramba ichishanda uye inoumba chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakabudirira munhoroondo yesainzi.
-
Kana muchida, ndinogona kuwedzera bhuku renhoroondo, sumo, kana kugadzira shanduro ye "chikoro" (ine ruzivo rwekare, chirevo chedambudziko, zvinangwa, hurukuro, uye mhedziso).
