Fizikisi muSainzi Yezvakatipoteredza
Sainzi yezvakatipoteredza inowanzonzwisiswa senzvimbo ine chekuita nebiology, chemistry, kana mutemo weveruzhinji. Zvisinei, imwe hwaro hwakakosha inowanzo shayikwa: fizikisi. Fizikisi haisi dzidziso yemasimba nekufamba, asi chishandiso chekunzwisisa kuti simba rinoyerera sei, mafambiro echinhu, uye kuti masisitimu echisikigo anopindura sei kune zvinokanganisa. Kunyangwe tichikurukura nezvekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, mhando yemhepo, kuwanikwa kwemvura, kana simba rinogona kudzokororwa, mitemo yefizikisi inoshanda nguva dzose shure kwayo. Naizvozvo, fizikisi inokosha pakunzwisisa, kutevedzera, uye kugadzira mhinduro dzematambudziko ezvakatipoteredza.
Fizikisi semutauro wesimba nekuchinja
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvinoitwa nefizikisi kusainzi yezvakatipoteredza kugona kwayo kutsanangura kuenzana kwesimba. Pasi rinowana simba kubva kuZuva muchimiro chemwaranzi yemagetsi. Rimwe resimba iri rinodzoserwa muchadenga, rimwe rinotorwa nemhepo, makungwa, nenzvimbo dzepasi, uye rozoburitswazve semwaranzi ye infrared. Kuenzana pakati pesimba rinopinda nerinobuda kunosarudza avhareji yekupisa kwepasi. Kana kuenzana uku kukanganisika—semuenzaniso, nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemagasi egreenhouse—tembiricha yepasi rose inowanzo kukwira.
Apa ndipo panonyanya kukosha pfungwa dzefizikisi dzakadai semwaranzi yeblackbody, wave spectrum, uye energy absorption. Magasi egreenhouse akadai secarbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), uye nitrous oxide (N₂O) ane kugona kupinza mwaranzi ye infrared pahurefu hwakasiyana. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kumwe kupisa kwaizobuda muchadenga "kwakavharirwa" mumhepo. Mhedzisiro yegreenhouse inzira yepanyama inogona kutsanangurwa nemitemo yemwaranzi uye molecular dynamics, uye kunzwisisa uku ndiko kwakakosha kune mamodheru emamiriro ekunze emazuva ano.
Thermodynamics uye masisitimu ezvakatipoteredza
Thermodynamics inodzidza hukama huripo pakati pekupisa, basa, simba, uye entropy. Mumamiriro ezvinhu ezvakatipoteredza, thermodynamics inobatsira kutsanangura kuti nei simba risingambo "rasika" zvechokwadi, asi rinochinja chimiro uye rinowanzo pararira. Maitiro echisikigo akadai sekubuda kwemvura, kuumbwa kwemakore, kuchinjana kwekupisa pakati pegungwa nemhepo, uye kufamba kwemhepo yakawanda zvese zvinotevera mitemo yethermodynamics.
Muenzaniso wakapfava ndewekutenderera kwemvura. Kubuda kwemvura kunoitika kana simba rekupisa rinobva kuZuva richiisa kupisa kwakavanzika mumvura, richiishandura kuita utsi. Utsi hwemvura hunozobatana mumhepo kana tembiricha nemamiriro ekumanikidzwa akanaka, zvichiburitsa kupisa kwakawanda kwakavanzika. Kuburitswa kwesimba uku kunobatsira pakuumbwa kwemakore, madutu, uye mamiriro akasiyana-siyana ekunze akaipisisa. Nemamwe mashoko, mvura haisi nyaya yekungo "kwira nekudonha kwemvura," asiwo kufambiswa kwesimba kukuru kunogona kuenzaniswa uchishandisa pfungwa dzethermodynamics uye fizikisi yemumhepo.
Pfungwa ye entropy inokoshawo pakukurukura nezvekushandisa simba zvakanaka uye kukanganisa nharaunda. Zvivako zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa mafuta ekare, semuenzaniso, hazvigone kushandura simba rese remakemikari remafuta kuita magetsi; mamwe anorasika sekupisa. Kusakwana uku kunokonzerwa nefizikisi, kwete nyaya yetekinoroji chete. Kunzwisisa thermodynamics kunotungamira kukura kwemaitiro anoshanda zvakanyanya uye ane utsi hushoma.
Magadzirirwo emvura: mhepo, mvura, uye kusvibiswa
Fluid mechanics ibazi refizikisi rinoongorora maitiro emvura—mvura nemagasi—kusanganisira kuyerera, kutenderera, uye masimba anoshanda pairi. Sainzi yezvakatipoteredza inovimba zvakanyanya ne fluid mechanics nekuti mhepo nemakungwa ndiwo maviri e "injini" huru dzemvura pasi pano. Mhepo, mafungu egungwa, mafungu, uye kutenderera kwepasi rose zvese zvinotemerwa nemitemo yekuyerera kwemvura uye musiyano wekumanikidzwa nekupisa.
Muzvidzidzo zvemhando yemhepo, makanika emvura anobatsira kupindura mubvunzo wakakosha: tsvina inopararira sei kubva kwainobva? Utsi hwemotokari, utsi hwemaindasitiri, uye zvidimbu zveguruva hazvingofambi zvisina tsarukano; zvinotakurwa nemhepo, zvinomiswa uye zvinosanganiswa nekuvhunduka, uye zvinogona kugara nekuda kwegiravhiti kana kusukurudzwa nemvura. Mamodheru ekupararira kwetsvina anoshandisa maequations epanyama kufungidzira huwandu hwetsvina padaro rakatarwa kubva kwainobva, tichifunga nezvekumhanya kwemhepo, kugadzikana kwemhepo, uye topography.
Izvi zvinoshandawo pakusvibiswa kwemvura. Marara anopinda munzizi kana mugungwa anotakurwa nemvura, anosanganiswa nemvura, uye anobatana nematope. Kunzwisisa maitiro aripo uye maitiro ekusanganisa zvinhu zvakakosha pakuona nzvimbo dzakachengeteka dzekurasira marara, kuronga njodzi dzekurasira mafuta, kana kugadzira nzira dzekuchenesa.
Fizikisi yemwaranzi uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze
Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze ndiyo nyaya yakaoma uye inopararira zvikuru munharaunda. Fizikisi inoita basa guru mukutsanangura mashandiro ekudziya kwepasi rose, mafungiro emamiriro ekunze, uye kufanotaura ramangwana. Pamusoro pemhedzisiro yegreenhouse, fizikisi yemwaranzi inosanganisirawo basa remakore nemaaerosols. Makore anogona kutonhodza Nyika nekuratidza chiedza chezuva (albedo), asi anogonawo kuidziisa nekubata mwaranzi ye infrared. Mamwe maaerosols anoratidza chiedza uye anotonhodza mhepo, nepo soot (kabhoni nhema) ichitora mwaranzi uye ichidziisa mhepo.
Pfungwa ye albedo—huwandu hwemwaranzi inoonekwa—chinhu chakakosha. Aizi nesinou zvine albedo dzakawanda. Kana aizi yanyunguduka nekuda kwekudziya, nzvimbo dzakasviba dzakadai semvura yegungwa kana ivhu risina chinhu dzinotora kupisa kwakawanda, zvichiita kuti kudziya kuwedzere. Uyu muenzaniso wemhinduro yakanaka inotsanangurwa nefizikisi iri nyore, asi ine simba guru pamamiriro ekunze.
Simba rinodzokororwa uye matekinoroji asingakuvadzi nharaunda
Fizikisi haigumiri pakunzwisisa matambudziko; inopawo hwaro hwemhinduro. Simba rinodzokororwa rinovimba nemisimboti yakanaka yemuviri. Mapaneru ezuva anoshanda kuburikidza nemhedzisiro ye photovoltaic, uko ma photon ema light free electrons muzvinhu zve semiconductor, achigadzira magetsi. Ma turbine emhepo anovimba ne aerodynamics uye kushandurwa kwesimba remhepo kuita simba remakanika uyezve simba remagetsi. Zviteshi zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa simba regravitational potential remvura inodonha, nepo simba re geothermal richishandisa kutamiswa kwekupisa kubva mukati mevhu.
Fizikisi inotsigirawo matekinoroji ekushandisa simba zvakanaka. Kuvaka insulation yekupisa, dhizaini yemhepo inofefetera, mwenje we LED, uye kunyange mota dzemagetsi zvese zvinoda kunzwisisa kutamiswa kwekupisa, magetsi, magnetism, uye mashandiro esystem. Kunyangwe pfungwa dziri nyore dzakadai sekuderedza kurasikirwa nekupisa (conduction, convection, uye radiation) zvinogona kuderedza zvakanyanya kushandiswa kwesimba uye kuburitswa kwekabhoni.
Kuyera nharaunda uye zvishandiso
Sainzi yezvakatipoteredza inonyanya kuvimba nedata: tembiricha, hunyoro, huwandu hwezvinhu zvinosvibisa, mwero wemwaranzi, uye kunyange shanduko dzegungwa. Zvishandiso zvakawanda zvakakosha zvekuyera zvinoberekwa kubva pamisimboti yepanyama. Masensa etembiricha anoshandisa shanduko mukudzivirira kana voltage; masatelaiti anotarisa Nyika kuburikidza nekuona kure zvichibva pane electromagnetic spectrum; lidar inoongorora zvidimbu zvemumhepo uchishandisa laser reflections; uye seismographs uye masensa egeophysical anobatsira kutarisa mashandiro ePasi ane chekuita nenjodzi dzezvakatipoteredza.
Kufambira mberi mukugadzirwa kwezvishandiso zvinogonesa kutarisisa nekukurumidza uye kwakarurama. Semuenzaniso, mifananidzo yesetiraiti inogona kuona kuparadzwa kwemasango, moto wemasango, uye shanduko dzeruvara rwegungwa dzine chekuita nemaruva emugungwa. Ruzivo urwu runopa ruzivo mukuita sarudzo, kubva pakuronga nzvimbo kusvika pakugadzirisa njodzi.
Fizikisi yenjodzi yezvakatipoteredza
Njodzi zhinji dzezvakatipoteredza dzine zvinhu zvakasimba: mafashamo, kudonha kwevhu, madutu, mafungu ekupisa, uye kunyange tsunami. Mafungu ekupisa ane chekuita nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye kuenzana kwesimba repamusoro. Mafashamo anokonzerwa nekuwanda kwemvura inonaya, kugona kwemvura kubuda, mwero wekuyerera kwenzizi, uye shanduko dzekushandiswa kwevhu dzinochinja kupinda kwemvura uye kuyerera kwemvura. Kudonha kwevhu kunosanganisira kuenzana kwemasimba ari pamawere, kumanikidzwa kwemvura mumigero, uye hunhu hwezvinhu.
Nekushandisa mamodheru chaiwo, tinogona kugadzira masisitimu ekuyambira pakutanga uye kugadzira mapu enzvimbo dzine njodzi. Kunyange hazvo kufanotaura kusiri kwakakwana nguva dzose—nekuda kwekusiyana kukuru kwezvisikwa—maitiro chaiwo anopa hurongwa hwehuwandu hwekuderedza njodzi nekuvandudza kugadzirira.
Mhedziso: fizikisi senheyo yemhinduro dzezvakatipoteredza
Fizikisi musainzi yezvakatipoteredza inoshanda se "hurongwa" hwekunzwisisa nyika nenzira inoyerwa: kubva kumwaranzi yezuva inodziya Pasi, kusvika kumhepo inotakura kusvibiswa, kusvika pakushandurwa kwesimba mumatekinoroji anodzokororwa. Nefizikisi, nyaya dzezvakatipoteredza dzinogona kushandurwa kuita mamodheru, nhamba, uye fungidziro dzinogona kuyedzwa. Izvi zvakakosha kwete kutsiva maonero ehupenyu kana emagariro evanhu, asi kuti zviwedzere. Matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza ane mabasa akawanda; fizikisi inopa hwaro hunotigonesa kuona hukama hwechikonzero-nemhedzisiro zvakajeka, kugadzira matekinoroji akachena, uye kugadzira marongero akavakirwa pauchapupu.
Pakupedzisira, kunzwisisa zvakatipoteredza hakuna kukwana nekungo "ona shanduko" dzakatikomberedza. Tinofanira kunzwisisa mashandiro anoita shanduko idzodzo. Ndipo panopinda fizikisi: kutsanangura, kufanotaura, uye kubatsira vanhu kutora matanho akachenjera ekuchengetedza kuchengetedzeka kwePasi.
