Hunhu hweMagineti hweZvinhu
Magnetism chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kuenderana nehupenyu hwezuva nezuva—kubva kumakompasi nemamota emagetsi kusvika kumasipika uye kunyange makadhi ekuchengetera data. Seri kwekushandiswa uku kwakapararira kune pfungwa yakakosha inonzi hunhu hwemagineti hwezvinhu, iyo ndiyo nzira iyo chinhu chinopindura nayo kumunda wemagineti. Mhinduro iyi inosiyana pazvinhu: zvimwe zvinokwezvwa zvakanyanya, zvimwe zvinokwezvwa zvishoma, uye zvimwe zvinodzorwa. Musiyano uyu unotsanangurwa nechimiro chemaatomu, magadzirirwo emaerekitironi, uye kudyidzana pakati penguva dzemagineti mukati mechinhu.
1. Nheyo dzeMagineti paAtomu Level
Manyuko makuru emagineti anobva kumaerekitironi. Maerekitironi ane mipiro miviri mukuita kwemagnetic moment:
1. Kufamba kwemaerekitironi achitenderera nucleus yeatomu.
2. Kutenderera kwemaerekitironi, inova pfuma yemukati yemaerekitironi inogona kutorwa se "kutenderera" kwequantum.
Erekitironi imwe neimwe isina kupatsanurwa inowanzo gadzira moment yemagineti. Kana maerekitironi ese ari muatomu akabatana, moment dzavo dzemagineti dzinodzimana, zvichiita kuti atomu ive isina magineti. Uyezve, muzvinhu zvakasimba, moment dzemagineti dzemaatomu mazhinji dzinogona kudyidzana uye kuumba mapatani chaiwo, ayo anobva asarudza hunhu hwemagineti hwechinhu chacho.
2. Zvikamu Zvakakosha: Magnetization uye Kugona Kushanda
Kuti unzwisise kupindura kwezvinhu kune minda yemagineti yekunze , huwandu huviri hunoshandiswa kazhinji ndeihu:
– Magnetization (M): chiyero chekuti huwandu hwemagineti hunosvika pahuwandu hwevhoriyamu hunoumbwa sei mune chimwe chinhu.
– Kugona kwemagnetic (χ): chiyero chemaitiro ekuti chinhu chinoshanduka kuita magineti kana chaiswa pasi pesimba remagnetic (H). Hukama huri nyore ndehwekuti:
M = χH
Kana χ iri positive, chinhu chacho chinowanzokwezvwa nesimba remagineti. Kana χ iri negative, chinhu chacho chinowanzo dzingwa.
3. Kupatsanura Hunhu hweMagineti hweZvinhu
Kazhinji, zvinhu zvinoiswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvichienderana nemhinduro yazvo yemagineti: diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, uye ferrimagnetic.
A. Dhiyamagineti
Diamagnetism inoitika mune zvese zvinhu, asi inowanzova isina simba uye inofukidzwa nedzimwe mhando dzemagnetism, kana iripo. Mune diamagnetic material yakachena, maerekitironi ese anobatanidzwa, saka hapana magnetic moment inogara iripo. Kana simba remagineti rekunze rikashandiswa, simba diki rinogadzirwa, izvo zvinogadzira induced magnetic moment iri kune rimwe divi rekunze. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvinhu zvediamagnetic zvinodzoserwa zvishoma nemagineti.
Zvinhu zvikuru:
– χ ine kukosha kusingakoshi (kudiki).
– Haina magnetization inogara iripo.
– Mhedzisiro yacho haitsamiri zvakanyanya pakupisa.
Mienzaniso yezvinhu zvemadhayamatiki:
– Bismuth (Bi), mhangura (Cu), sirivha (Ag), ndarama (Au)
– Mvura, girazi, huni, purasitiki (kazhinji haina simba remagineti)
Mukuratidzira kwefizikisi, bismuth inowanzoonekwa ichi "yakadzika" zvisina kusimba musimba remagineti rakasimba nekuti hunhu hwayo hwemagineti hwakakura zvichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvinhu.
B. Paramagnetic
Zvinhu zveparamagnetic zvine maerekitironi asina kupatsanurwa, zvichikonzera nguva dzemaatomu dzinogara dziripo. Zvisinei, pasina nzvimbo yekunze, nguva idzi dzinorongwa zvisina tsarukano nekuda kwekufamba kwekupisa, zvichikonzera magnetization diki. Kana dziri panzvimbo yesimba remagineti, nguva idzi dzinowanzoenderana nenzvimbo, zvichiita kuti chinhu chacho chikwezverwe zvishoma.
Zvinhu zvikuru:
– χ ine kukosha kudiki kwekunaka.
– Magnetization inongoonekwa chete kana paine nzvimbo yekunze.
– Simba remhinduro rinoderera sezvo tembiricha ichiwedzera (zvichitevera mutemo waCurie muzviitiko zvakawanda).
Mienzaniso yezvinhu zveparamagnetic:
– Aruminiyamu (Al), magnesium (Mg), platinum (Pt)
– Mamwe ma ions akadai seFe³⁺, Mn²⁺ mumunyu
Paramagnetism inokoshawo mune tekinoroji, semuenzaniso mune zvimwe zvinhu zvekuongorora masensa uye zvinhu.
C. Ferromagnetic
Ferromagnetism ndiyo mhando inozivikanwa zvikuru yemagnetism, sezvo ichigona kugadzira magineti anogara aripo. Muzvinhu zveferromagnetic, nguva dzemagineti dzemaatomu dzinoshanda pamwe chete zvakasimba, zvichiita kuti dzikwanise kurongeka dzoga, kunyangwe pasina munda wekunze. Zvinhu zveFerromagnetic zvakakamurwa kuita nzvimbo dzemagineti, nzvimbo diki uko nguva dzinorongeka. Kana munda wemagineti ukashandiswa, nzvimbo dzacho dzinorongeka nenzira imwecheteyo nemunda wacho dzichikura, zvichigadzira magnetization yakakura kwazvo.
Zvinhu zvikuru:
– χ yakakura zvikuru uye yakanaka.
– Inogona kuva magineti inogara iripo.
– Ine hysteresis, kureva kuti, magnetization inoenderana nenhoroondo yemagnetization (inoonekwa muB-H curve).
– Ine tembiricha yeCurie (Tc): pamusoro petembiricha iyi, hunhu hwe ferromagnetic hunorasika uye hunoshanduka kuita paramagnetic.
Mienzaniso yezvinhu zve ferromagnetic:
– Simbi (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni)
- Mamwe ma alloys akadai sesimbi, Alnico, uye mamwe magineti emazuva ano.
Ferromagnetism inokosha mumota dzemagetsi , majenareta, matransformer, uye zvishandiso zvekuchengetedza magineti.
D. Antiferromagnetic
Muzvinhu zvine simba remagineti, nguva dzemagineti dzemaatomu ari pedyo dzinowanzoenderana munzira dzakasiyana nehukuru hwakaenzana, zvekuti huwandu hwemagineti hunosvika zero. Kurongeka uku kwakasimba pakupisa kwakaderera kusvika pamuganho unonzi Néel temperature (TN). Pamusoro peTN, zvinhu zvine simba remagineti zvinowanzova paramagnetic.
Zvinhu zvikuru:
- Kushandiswa kwemagineti kudiki nekuti zvinodzimana.
– Tembiricha yeNéel ine nzvimbo yekuchinja.
– Mhinduro kumasimba emagineti inowanzova isina simba.
Mienzaniso yezvinhu zvinorwisa ferromagnetic:
– Manganese oxide (MnO), nickel oxide (NiO2), chromium (Cr)
Kunyangwe isiri magineti inogara iripo, chinhu ichi chakakosha zvikuru muhunyanzvi hwe spintronic uye layer yekukiya (exchange bias) mumasensa emagineti.
E. Ferrimagnetic
Ferrimagnetism yakafanana ne antiferromagnetism, sezvo nguva dziri pedyo dziriwo munzira dzakasiyana. Musiyano ndewekuti hukuru hwenguva hahuna kufanana, saka kuchine net magnetization. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvinhu zveferrimagnetic zvinogona kuratidza magnetization yakasimba, kunyangwe mashandiro acho akasiyana neaya eferromagnetism.
Zvinhu zvikuru:
- Kusashanda zvakanaka kwemagnetization kuripo nekuda kwekusaenzana kwezviitiko.
- Inowanzo kuwanikwa muzvinhu zve magnetic ceramic.
- Inoshanda zvakanyanya pamafrequency akakwira nekuti kurasikirwa kwemagetsi e-eddy kudiki.
Mienzaniso yezvinhu zveferrimagnetic:
– Magnetite (Fe₃O₄)
- Ferrites dzakadai seMn-Zn ferrite uye Ni-Zn ferrite
MaFerrite anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumacores e transformer ane frequency yakakwira, maantenna, nezvimwe zvikamu zvemagetsi.
4. Zvinhu Zvinokanganisa Hunhu hweMagineti
Hunhu hwemagineti hwezvinhu hunoonekwa kwete chete nerudzi rwechinhu, asiwo nezvinhu zvinotevera:
1. Maumbirwo ekristaro: daro riri pakati pemaatomu nejometri rinokanganisa kudyidzana kwezvinoitika zvemagineti.
2. Tembiricha: kuwedzera kwekupisa kunowedzera kukanganiswa kwekupisa, zvichiita kuti zviome kuronga nguva dzemagineti.
3. Kuumbwa uye kusanganiswa: shanduko diki mukugadzirwa kunogona kuchinja zvakanyanya chikamu chemagnetic (semuenzaniso musimbi dzemagnetic uye alloys).
4. Saizi yetsanga uye chimiro che micro: nzvimbo dzemagineti dzinokanganiswa nehukuru hwe particle; nanomaterials dzinogona kuratidza maitiro e superparamagnetic.
5. Nhoroondo yemagineti ekunze uye nhoroondo yemagineti: kunyanya muzvinhu zveferromagnetic neferrimagnetic, mhedzisiro yehysteresis ndiyo inosarudza kana zvinhu zviri nyore kushandisa magineti uye kana magineti achiramba aripo mushure mekunge munda wabviswa.
5. Mashandisirwo eMagineti muHupenyu
Kunzwisisa hunhu hwemagineti hwezvinhu kunobvumira kukura kwetekinoroji yemazuva ano, kusanganisira:
– Mota nemajenareta (zvichishandisa ferromagnetic cores nemarotor/stators).
– Transformer (ferromagnetic core ine hysteresis yakaderera).
- Kuchengetedza data (hard disk, magnetic tepi, tekinoroji yakavakirwa padomain).
– Masensa emagineti (kambasi yedhijitari, sensor yeHall, magnetoresistance).
– Zvishandiso zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa frequency yakakwira (ferrite kuderedza kurasikirwa kwemagetsi e-eddy).
– Zvekurapa (zvimwe zvinhu zveparamagnetic seMRI contrast agents, pamwe chete nemagnetic nanoparticles dzekutsvaga kurapwa).
Mhedziso
Hunhu hwemagineti hwezvinhu hunokonzerwa nekudyidzana kwakaomarara padanho reatomu—kunyanya kutenderera nekufamba kwemaerekitironi—uye kurongeka kwezvinguva zvemagineti mukati mechinhu. Zvinhu zveDiamagnetic zvinodzoserwa zvishoma, zvinhu zveparamagnetic zvinokwezvwa zvishoma, nepo zvinhu zveferromagnetic zvinogona kuva magineti echigarire ane magnetization yakasimba. Zvinhu zveAntiferromagnetic neFerrimagnetic zvinoratidza kurongeka kwezvinguva zvakapesana, asi nemagnetizations akasiyana. Nekunzwisisa kupatsanurwa nezvinhu zvinopesvedzera magnetism, tinogona kusarudza zvinhu zvakakodzera zvemashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana, kubva kumidziyo yemagetsi iri nyore kusvika kumatekinoroji epamusoro akadai seSpintronics uye masisitimu emifananidzo yekurapa.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kuwedzera chikamu chekuedza chiri nyore (semuenzaniso maitiro ekuyedza dia/para/ferromagnetic kumba kana murabhoritari yechikoro) kana kugadzira shanduro yechinyorwa chinotarisa zvakanyanya pama hysteresis curves uye ma magnetic domains.
