Mashandisirwo eFizikisi muSainzi yeForensic
Sainzi yeForensic inzvimbo inosanganisa sainzi nemutemo kuti ibudise pachena chokwadi chiri shure kwechiitiko, kunyanya mhosva. Pakati pemapazi akasiyana esainzi anoita basa rakakosha, fizikisi ine chinzvimbo chakakosha nekuti inopa hurongwa hwehuwandu hwekuyera, kutevedzera, uye kugadzirazve zviitiko nenzira isina kujeka. Kubva pakuongorora maitiro eropa kusvika pakuvakazve tsaona dzemumugwagwa, fizikisi inobatsira vaongorori kupindura mibvunzo mikuru: chii chakaitika, kuti chakaitika sei, kuti chakaitika riini, uye kuti chakatangira kupi. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana efizikisi musainzi yeForensic uye kuti misimboti yayo inoshandiswa sei mukuita.
1. Makanika: Kugadzirazve Kubonderana uye Kufamba
Bazi refizikisi rinonyanya kuoneka muzviitiko zve forensic i classical mechanics—kunyanya kinematics (kufamba) uye dynamics (simba). Mukugadzirisa tsaona dzemotokari, vaongorori vanoongorora zviratidzo zvemabhureki, kuchinja kwemuviri wemotokari, nzvimbo yekupedzisira yemotokari, uye mamiriro emugwagwa kuti vafungidzire kumhanya kwepamberi penjodzi. Pfungwa dzakadai semitemo yaNewton , kuchengetedza simba, uye kinetic energy zvinoshandiswa kuita fungidziro dzakavimbika.
Semuenzaniso, kana paine nzira dzekubhureki dzine hurefu hwakati, vaongorori vanogona kufungidzira kumhanya kwekutanga nekufunga nezve coefficient of friction pakati pematairi nepamusoro pemugwagwa. Uyezve, mukuroverana kwemotokari mbiri, kuchengetedza simba kunobatsira kufungidzira divi uye hukuru hwemhanya wemotokari yega yega isati yarova. Kunyange zvazvo mhedzisiro yacho ichiwanzosiyana (nekuda kwekusaziva data), nzira iyi inobvumira kugadziriswa kwakasimba kupfuura humbowo chete.
Makanika anoshandiswawo kuongorora nzira dzinofamba nepaburi remhepo nezvinhu zvinodonha. Semuenzaniso, kana munhu achidonha kubva pakakwirira, vaongorori vanogona kuongorora kana nzvimbo yemuviri uye daro kubva panzvimbo yaakarova zvinoenderana nekudonha kunokonzerwa netsaona, kusundidzira, kana kusvetuka. Zvinhu zvakaita sekukwirira, nguva yekudonha, uye daro rakatwasuka zvine chekuita ne parabolic equation yekufamba.
2. Kupfura pfuti: Fizikisi yemabara nepfuti
Kuongororwa kwepfuti dzemudenga kunoshandisa fizikisi kunzwisisa maitiro ebhuru kubva panguva yarinopfurwa kusvika rarova chinangwa. Kune matanho matatu makuru: kupatsanurwa kwepfuti dzemukati (mukati mebharero), kupatsanurwa kwepfuti dzekunze (kutevedza nzira mumhepo), uye kupatsanurwa kwepfuti dzemudenga (kubatana nechinangwa). Fizikisi inotsanangura kuti kumanikidzwa kwegasi kunofambisa sei bhuru, kuti kuramba kwemhepo kunokanganisa sei kumhanya kwaro, uye kuti simba nekufamba kwemhepo zvinosarudza sei mwero wekupinda kwebhuru.
Mukuferefeta kupfura, vaferefeti vanowanzo fungidzira daro rekupfura zvichibva pamapatani etsvina, zvasara zvepfuti, kana chimiro cheronda repamusuwo. Kuongorora nzira yekupfura kunoshandiswawo kuona nzvimbo dzemupfuri neanourayiwa. Semuenzaniso, divi repfuti rinogona kuverengerwa kubva paburi repfuti pamadziro, girazi, kana chimwe chinhu, uye ipapo nzira yekupfura inogona kurongedzwa kuti iongorore kwakabva.
Uyezve, kuongororwa kwekushanduka kwemabara nezvidimbu zvawo kwakabatana zvakanyanya nepfungwa dzesimba, kutwasuka, uye zvinhu. Mabara anorova nzvimbo dzakaoma anogona kugomera kana kupwanyika, uye hunhu uhwu hunobatsira kuziva mhando yemabara kana mamiriro ekupfura.
3. Optics: Kuskena, Kufungidzira, uye Kuongorora Uchapupu
Optics inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu forensics nekuti humbowo hwakawanda hauonekwe nemaziso. Matekiniki emifananidzo anoshandisa chiedza chinooneka, che ultraviolet (UV), uye che infrared (IR) anogona kuratidza madota, zvakanyorwa zvakadzimwa, kana mapatani akavanzika. Semuenzaniso, UV inowanzo shandiswa kuratidza mamwe ma fluids ehupenyu, nepo IR inoshanda pakuverenga magwaro pamagwaro akafukidzwa nemamwe ma inki.
Microscopy—yakavakirwawo pamisimboti yemaziso—inoshandiswa kuongorora shinda dzemachira, bvudzi, magirazi akapwanyika, nezvimwe zvidimbu zvidiki. Vachishandisa nzira dzakatarwa dzekukudza nedzekuvhenekesa, vaongorori vanogona kuenzanisa mapatani, maumbirwo, uye hunhu hwezvinhu zvinosimbisa hukama pakati pevanofungidzirwa, vakabatwa, nenzvimbo dzemhosva.
Basa rekuona zvinhu rinosanganisirawo nzira yekuongorora mifananidzo yeforensic, kushandiswa kwemifananidzo kana mavhidhiyo kuyera daro nehukuru hwezvinhu. Munguva yeCCTV nemafoni, nzira yekuongorora mifananidzo inobatsira kuona kureba kwemunhu, kumhanya kwemotokari, uye kunyange nzvimbo yezvinhu panzvimbo yemhosva nekushandisa nzira yekutarisa zvinhu nechiyero.
4. Kurira Kwenzwi: Kuongorora Ruzha uye Kurekodha
Fizikisi yeruzha (acoustics) inoita basa guru mukuongorora marekodhi eruzha, semuenzaniso, mukuongorora kutyisidzira parunhare, hurukuro dzakarekodhwa, kana humbowo hweruzha kubva munzvimbo dzemhosva. Kuongororwa kwema frequency spectrum kunogona kubatsira kuona manyuko eruzha, kusiyanisa pakati pemanzwi evanhu neruzha, uye kuongorora kushandiswa kwerekodhi.
Panyaya yepfuti, maacoustic anogonawo kushandiswa kufungidzira daro nenzvimbo yepfuti zvichibva panguva yekusvika kweruzha rwekuputika kwemamaikorofoni akawanda (semuenzaniso, mune mamwe masensa systems). Nheyo iyi yakafanana nekutarisa nzvimbo yeruzha: musiyano wenguva yekusvika kweruzha panzvimbo dzakawanda unoshandiswa kufungidzira nzvimbo yeruzha.
5. Thermodynamics uye Kutamiswa Kwekupisa: Kufungidzira Nguva Yerufu
Rimwe remabasa makuru ekuongorora mafambiro ehupenyu nderekufungidzira nguva yerufu (post-mortem interval). Thermodynamics nepfungwa yekufambisa kupisa zvinobatsira mukuongorora nzira dzekushandisa zvichibva pakuderera kwetembiricha yemuviri (algor mortis). Muviri wemunhu usingachabudisi kupisa unowanzo gadzirisa tembiricha yemhepo kuburikidza nekufambisa, kutenderera, uye mwaranzi.
Zvisinei, kufungidzira uku hakusi nyore nekuti kunokonzerwa nezvinhu zvakawanda: tembiricha yezvakatipoteredza, zvipfeko, huremu hwemuviri, hunyoro, kufamba kwemhepo, uye pamusoro pemuviri. Nokudaro, vaongorori vanowanzo shandisa mamodheru anosanganisa data rezvakatipoteredza uye kuyerwa kwetembiricha panzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemuviri. Fizikisi inobatsira kuita kuti mamodheru aya ave akarongeka, kunyangwe achiri kuda kubatanidzwa nezvimwe zvakawanikwa mukurapa.
6. Zvinhu uye Makanika eZvinhu: Girazi Rakapwanyika, Pendi, uye Zvishandiso
Fizikisi yezvinhu zvinobatsira kupindura mibvunzo yakaita sekuti: zvidimbu zvegirazi zvinobva kupi? Girazi rinotyoka kubva mukati here kana kunze? Kuongorora kutyoka kwegirazi kunoshandisa pfungwa dzekushushikana, kumanikidzwa, uye mapatani ekutyoka. Semuenzaniso, kutyoka kwe radial uye concentric mugirazi kunogona kupa zviratidzo nezvekwakatangira simba uye kutevedzana kwekurova.
Muzviitiko zvekurova nekumhanya, machipisi ependi yemotokari anogona kuongororwa nekuda kwezvikamu zvawo, chimiro chawo, uye hunhu hwekutarisa. Kunyange zvazvo kemesitiri ichiwanzo tungamira muchimiro chacho, fizikisi inoita basa rekuongorora chimiro chezvikamu, hunhu hwemaziso, uye mashandiro ekuchinja kwemhedzisiro.
Zviratidzo zvezvishandiso zvinogonawo kuongororwa uchishandisa nzira yepanyama. Kana sikurudhiraivha kana crowbar zvikashandiswa kukwenya, pamusoro payo panosiya patani yekukwenya inoratidza chimiro chechishandiso uye simba rakashandiswa. Vachishandisa maikorosikopu ne3D imaging, vaongorori vanoenzanisa mapatani aya kuti vaone kukodzera kwawo.
7. Kushandiswa kweMwaranzi neUinjiniya hweNyukireya: Kuona neKuziva
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kuongororwa kwemwaranzi kunova kwakakosha, semuenzaniso mukuburitswa kwezvinhu zvine mwaranzi zvisiri pamutemo kana kuferefeta kusvibiswa nemwaranzi. Nheyo dzefizikisi yenyukireya dzinoshandiswa kuyera rudzi rwemwaranzi (alpha, beta, gamma), simba rayo, uye kwainobva. Zvishandiso zvakaita seGeiger-Müller detectors kana gamma spectrometers zvinobatsira kuona ma isotopes chaiwo.
Maitiro eX-ray anoshandiswawo mukuongorora kwemhosva, semuenzaniso, kuona zvinhu zvisiri zvemuviri, kuongorora mapfupa, kana kuongorora mapakeji pasina kuavhura. Izvi zvakakosha pakuchengetedza uye kuchengetedza humbowo hwakavimbika.
8. Kugadziriswa kweMasaini uye Komputa: Uchapupu hweDigital uye Vhidhiyo yeForensic
Kunyange zvazvo zvichiwanzonzi informatics, nzira dzakawanda dzekugadzirisa zviratidzo dzakadzika midzi mufizikisi nemasvomhu. Kuongorora mavhidhiyo eForensic kunosanganisira kuvandudza mifananidzo, kugadzikana, kuderedza ruzha, uye kufungidzira mafambiro. Zvese izvi zvinobatsira kusefa ruzivo rwakanga rusina kujeka kare, senge chiso chemupari wemhosva, nhamba yepureti rezinesi, kana ruzivo rwekufamba.
Uyezve, kuongorora "rolling shutter" pamakamera efoni kana makamera eCCTV kunogona kubatsira kuyera mafrequency chaiwo echiedza , kunyangwe mune dzimwe nguva kufungidzira nguva yechiitiko zvichibva pachiedza chinopenya kana hunhu hwenetwork yemagetsi. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti tekinoroji yemazuva ano yakabatana zvakanyanya sei nepfungwa dzefizikisi yemafungu nezviratidzo.
Mhedziso
Fizikisi mune zvesainzi ye forensic inoshanda se "musimbisi wechokwadi," ichibatsira kushandura humbowo kuita ruzivo rwakarongeka, runogona kuongororwa. Nemakanika, vaongorori vanogona kugadzira tsaona nemafambiro; ne ballistics, vanoongorora nzira uye mhedzisiro yepfuti; ne optics uye acoustics, vanofumura humbowo hwakavanzwa muchiedza nemuruzha; ne thermodynamics, vanofungidzira nguva yerufu; nefizikisi yezvinhu, vanodudzira kutyoka uye zviratidzo; uye nemwaranzi ne computing, vanowedzera kugona kwekuona kusvika padanho risingaonekwe.
Pakupedzisira, fizikisi haimire yoga. Inoshanda pamwe chete nebiology, chemistry, forensic medicine, uye mutemo. Asi mipiro yayo yakasiyana: quantitative precision, testable models, uye natural law-based approach. Munyika ye forensics, iyo inoda kururama uye kusasarura, fizikisi ihwaro hwakakosha hwekutsigira kururamisira.
