Nhoroondo yeKuvandudzwa kweAtomic Theory
Kubvira kare, vanhu vanga vachitsvaga kunzwisisa hunhu hwezvinhu zvinoumba denga. Pfungwa huru yakabuda mukutsvaga uku yaive pfungwa ye "atomu." Izwi rekuti "atomu" rinobva pashoko rechiGiriki rekuti "atomos," zvichireva kuti "hazvigone kuchekwa." Rwendo rurefu rwedzidziso yeatomu inyaya inonakidza inosanganisira vafungi vakuru nevasayendisiti munhoroondo yese.
1. Pfungwa Dzekutanga
Pfungwa dzepakutanga nezvemaatomu dzinogona kuteverwa kusvika muzana remakore rechi5 BC muGreece yekare, uko vazivi vakaita saLeucippus nemudzidzi wake, Democritus, vakatanga pfungwa yekuti zvinhu zvese zvinoumbwa netunhu tudiki, twakabatana zvisingaparadzaniswi, twavakadana kuti "maatomu." Democritus aidavira kuti maatomu aya aivapo mumhepo isingaparadzaniswi, achifamba zvakasununguka uye achisiyana muchimiro nehukuru. Zvisinei, pfungwa iyi yaingova yekufungidzira chete, isina hwaro mukuyedza kwesainzi, uye yakagamuchirwa nevazivi vashoma chete panguva iyoyo.
2. Nguva dzeRima uye Kumukazve
Kwezviuru zvemakore mushure menguva yevaGiriki vekare, pfungwa dzeatomu dzakamira, zvakanyanya nekuda kwevamwe vazivi vakakurumbira, vakaita saAristotle, avo vakapa dzidziso yakasiyana yezvinhu . Aristotle aitenda kuti zvese zvaive nezvinhu zvina zvakakosha: ivhu, mvura, mhepo, nemoto. Pfungwa dzake dzaive nesimba zvekuti dzidziso yeatomu yaDemocritus yakaregeredzwa kwemazana emakore.
Zvakanga zvisati zvaitika kusvika muzana remakore rechi17 nerechi18, munguva inozivikanwa seEnlightenment, apo masayendisiti akatanga kuongorora zvakare hunhu hwezvinhu. Kugadzirwa kwezvishandiso zviri nani zverabhoritari uye kuyedza kwakanyatsojeka kwakatanga kuburitsa humbowo hunotsigira pfungwa yekuti zvinhu zvinogona kunge zvakagadzirwa nezvidimbu zvidiki, zvakasiyana.
3. Kutanga kwezana remakore rechi19: John Dalton
Shanduko huru mudzidziso yemaatomu yakaitika kutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, nekuda kwenyanzvi yemakemikari yeEngland John Dalton. Dalton akagadzira dzidziso yemaatomu zvichibva pamhedzisiro yekuedza kwake kwemakemikari uye mitemo inozivikanwa yekemikari. Muna 1808, akaburitsa "Dalton's Atomic Theory," iyo yakataura pfungwa dzinoverengeka dzakakosha:
1. Zvinhu zvose zvine maatomu asingakwanise kupatsanurwa.
2. Maatomu echinhu chimwe chete akafanana muhukuru, huremu, uye zvimwe zvinhu.
3. Maatomu ezvinhu zvakasiyana ane hunhu hwakasiyana.
4. Kugadziriswa kwemakemikari kurongwazve kwemaatomu kuti agadzire makemikari matsva.
Dalton akasumawo pfungwa yehuwandu hwemaatomu uye akataura kuti maatomu echinhu chimwe ane huwandu hwakafanana. Dzidziso iyi yaive nhanho huru yekufambira mberi nekuti yakawedzera hunhu hwemasvomhu uye hwekuedza kupfungwa yemaatomu.
4. Kuwanikwa kwemaerekitironi: JJ Thomson
Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19, nyanzvi yefizikisi yekuBritain J.J. Thomson akatora danho rinotevera mukuvandudza dzidziso yemaatomu. Muna 1897, kuburikidza nekuyedza kwakawanda achishandisa chubhu ye cathode ray, Thomson akawana zvidimbu zvidiki zveatomu pane maatomu, izvo zvakazozivikanwa semaerekitironi.
Thomson akakurudzira modhi ye "Plum Pudding" yeatomu kutsanangura chimiro chayo. Mu modhi iyi, maatomu airatidzwa semabhora ane chaji yakanaka ane maerekitironi asina kunaka akapararira mukati, semazambiringa akaomarara mupudding. Kunyange hazvo modhi iyi yakanga isiri chaiyo, kuwanikwa kwemaerekitironi kwakaratidza kuti maatomu akanga asiri madiki, asingapatsanuriki, uye kwakakonzera tsvakiridzo yakawanda mufizikisi yeatomu.
5. Muenzaniso weAtomu waRutherford
Muna 1909, Ernest Rutherford, mudzidzi waJ.J. Thomson, akaita ongororo yakakurumbira achishandisa zvidimbu zvealpha kuti aongorore magadzirirwo eatomu. Mukuedza uku, Rutherford akapfura zvidimbu zvealpha papepa regoridhe rakatetepa ndokuona nzira dzazvo.
Zvakabuda muongororo iyi zvakaratidza kuti zvidimbu zvakawanda zvealpha zvakapfuura nepapepa pasina kutsauka, asi zvimwe zvikamu zvakadzokera shure. Kuwanikwa uku kwakapikisa modhi ye "Plum Pudding" uye kwakaita kuti Rutherford ape modhi itsva umo atomu raive nenucleus diki, yakakora, ine chaji yakanaka pakati, nemaerekitironi achifamba-famba nenucleus munzvimbo isina chinhu. Modhi iyi yakazozivikanwa semodhi yenyukireya yeatomu uye yaive budiriro huru mukunzwisisa maumbirwo eatomu.
Muna 1913, nyanzvi yefizikisi yekuDenmark Niels Bohr yakagadzira modhi itsva yemaatomu yakavakirwa padzidziso yequantum. Bohr akaunza pfungwa yekuti maerekitironi anotenderera nucleus mumazinga esimba akasiyana, kana kuti magoko, uye kuti maerekitironi anogona kungogara mune mamwe marongero asingarasikirwe nesimba. Kana maerekitironi achifamba pakati pemazinga esimba aya, anotora kana kuburitsa simba muchimiro chemaphotoni.
Modhi yeBohr yakatsanangura zvinobudirira hydrogen spectrum, asi yakanga ichiri nemiganhu. Kunyange zvakadaro, yaive danho rakakosha mukuvandudzwa kwedzidziso yeatomu yemazuva ano, sezvo yaibatanidza pfungwa dzequantum nechimiro cheatomu.
7. Quantum Mechanics uye Modern Atomic Model
Mumakore ekuma1920, kufambira mberi kwakawanda mu quantum mechanics kwakaita kuti tinzwisise zvakadzama maitiro ezvikamu zve subatomic. Masayendisiti akadai saWerner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, naPaul Dirac vakapa mazano ekunyora masvomhu akanyatsojeka kuti vatsanangure maitiro emaerekitironi mumaatomu.
Modhi yemazuva ano yemaatomu, inozivikanwa se quantum mechanical model kana electron cloud model, inobvisa pfungwa yaBohr ye fixed orbitals. Pane kudaro, maerekitironi ari muatomu anotsanangurwa nemabasa emafungu anopa mikana kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakatenderedza nucleus, dzinonzi orbitals.
8. Kuwanikwa kweNucleon nezvimwe Zvidimbu
Zvichitevera muenzaniso weatomu waBohr, zvimwe zvakawanikwa zvakapa ruzivo rwakawanda pamusoro pemaumbirwo eatomu. Muna 1932, James Chadwick akawana neutron, chinhu chisina kupiswa cheatomu chinogara munucleus pamwe chete nemaproton. Kuwanikwa uku kwakatsanangura mutsauko uripo muhuwandu hweatomu husingakwanise kutsanangurwa nemaproton nemaerekitironi chete.
Kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yekumhanyisa masero ezvipenyu kwakatisvitsawo kune zvimwe zvipenyu zvepasi peatomu, zvakaita sequarks negluons, izvo zviri zvikamu zvikuru zvemaprotoni nemanyutroni. Izvi zvakavhura nguva itsva mufizikisi yezvipenyu uye zvakatibatsira kunzwisisa kuti maatomu, sezvakafungidzirwa naDemocritus, akaomarara kupfuura zvatakambofungidzira.
Mhedziso
Nhoroondo refu yedzidziso yemaatomu, kubva pakufungidzira kwekare kweuzivi hwechiGiriki kusvika pakuwana zvinhu zvakaedzwa uye dzidziso yemazuva ano yequantum, inoratidza hunhu hwesimba rekutsvaga kwevanhu kunzwisisa zvakasikwa. Kubva pamhando dziri nyore, dzisingaputsike kusvika kuzvivakwa zvakaoma zvine zvidimbu zvidiki zveatomu, dzidziso yemaatomu yakashanduka nekufamba kwenguva, pamwe chete nehurongwa hwesainzi huri kuramba huchikura. Kunzwisisa kwedu maatomu hakuna kungochinja kemesitiri nefizikisi chete asiwo kwakavhura mukana wetekinoroji nehunyanzvi hunoumba nyika yanhasi.
