Kushandiswa kweFizikisi muTekinoroji Yekutaurirana
Tekinoroji yekutaurirana ndeimwe yebudiriro dzakakosha dzebudiriro yemazuva ano. Kubva panharembozha, redhiyo, terevhizheni, kusvika painternet inokurumidza, zvese zvinobvumira vanhu kuchinjana ruzivo nekukurumidza pasina zvirambidzo zvedaro. Seri kweizvi zviri nyore pane basa guru mufizikisi, iro rinopa hwaro hwesainzi hwekuti masaini anogadzirwa sei, anotumirwa sei, anowedzerwa sei, uye anogamuchirwa sei. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura kuti pfungwa dzefizikisi dzinoshandiswa sei kune tekinoroji yekutaurirana, kubva kumafungu emagetsi uye masemiconductor kusvika kumafiber optic nemasatellite.
Mafungu eElectromagnetic senzira yekutumira ruzivo
Hwaro hwemasystem mazhinji ekutaurirana emazuva ano imagetsi. Mafungu aya anogona kupararira pasina nzira, zvichiita kuti afambe kunyangwe nepaburi remhepo. Izvi ndizvo zvinoita kuti kutaurirana kwesatellite uye kutumira masaini kubva kune transmitter kuenda kune remote receiver zvikwanisike.
Mafungu emagetsi anofukidza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, kubva kumafungu eredhiyo, ma microwave, infrared, chiedza chinooneka, ultraviolet, ma X-ray, uye gamma rays. Rudzi rumwe nerumwe rune hunhu hwaro uye mashandisirwo arwo. Semuenzaniso, mafungu eredhiyo anoshandiswa kuparadzira redhiyo uye kutaurirana kure, nepo ma microwave achishandiswa paWi-Fi, kutaurirana kweserura, uye radar. Sarudzo yerudzi rwemafungu inoenderana nezvinhu zvakaita senzvimbo, kupinda kwezvipingamupinyi, kugona kweruzivo, uye kushanda nesimba.
Mukutaurirana, ruzivo "runoiswa" pamusoro pemafungu emutakuri kuburikidza nenzira inonzi modulation. Panyama, modulation kuchinja kwema parameter emafungu, akadai se amplitude (AM), frequency (FM), kana phase (PM). Modulation inobatsira masaini ezwi kana data "piggyback" pamafungu e electromagnetic, zvichivabvumira kufamba kure uye kuramba kukanganiswa.
Nheyo dzeKutumira uye Kugamuchira: MaAntenna uye Kurira
Antena chishandiso chakakosha chinoshandura masaini emagetsi kuita mafungu emagetsi (transmitter) kana kuti zvinopesana (receiver). MaAntena anoshanda pasi pemisimboti yefizikisi yemagetsi: magetsi anochinja anogadzira minda yemagetsi nemagineti yakasiyana-siyana, iyo inozoburitsa mafungu.
Dhizaini yeAntena inokanganiswa zvakanyanya nepfungwa yeresonance. Hurefu hweAntena hunowanzo gadziriswa zvichienderana newavelength yechiratidzo kuti iwedzere kushanda zvakanaka kwemwaranzi kana kugamuchira. Semuenzaniso, antenna yehafu-wave (λ/2) inowanzo shandiswa nekuti inorira zvakanaka pane mamwe mafrequencies. Ndosaka antenna dzeredhiyo yeFM dzakasiyana nedzekutaurirana neWi-Fi, sezvo mafrequencies nemawavelengths zvakasiyana.
Magetsi neMasemiconductor: Mwoyo weZvishandiso Zvekukurukurirana Zvemazuva Ano
Kunyange zvazvo mafungu emagetsi ari iwo anonyanya kushandiswa, michina yekugadzirisa masaini inotsamira zvakanyanya pafizikisi yesolid-state, kunyanya semiconductors. Matransistors, madiode, uye macircuits akabatanidzwa (ICs) ndizvo zvikamu zvinoita kuti masaini awedzere, agadziriswe, asimbiswe, uye ashandurwe.
Semiconductors yakaita sesilicon ine hunhu hwakasiyana: conductivity yavo inogona kudzorwa nekushandisa doping, kugadzira zvinhu zvemhando ye n ne p. Kana zvabatanidzwa mu p-n junction, diode inoumbwa, zvichibvumira magetsi kuti ayerere nenzira imwe chete, zvakakosha pakugadzirisa masaini uye demodulation. Panguva iyi, ma transistors anogona kushanda se amplifiers uye switches, zvichigonesa kugadzirwa kwemasaini eredhiyo, kuwedzera masaini asina simba, uye kugadzirisa digital mumafoni nema routers.
Uyezve, kufambira mberi mufizikisi yequantum kwakabatsira pakunzwisisa mipata yemabhandi e semiconductor uye chiitiko che tunneling chinoshandiswa muzvikamu zvinoverengeka zvemazuva ano. Pasina hwaro hwefizikisi yequantum, miniaturization ye chip uye kushanda zvakanaka kwemidziyo yekutaurirana zvingadai zvisina kuwanikwa sezvazviri nhasi.
Kutaurirana kweDigital: Zviratidzo, Ruzha, uye Dzidziso yeCoding
Kutaurirana kwemazuva ano kwava kutotungamirirwa nemasystem edhijitari. Mumasystem aya, ruzivo rwunoshandurwa kuita manhamba ebhinari (0s na1s) uye rwozotumirwa semapulse kana zviratidzo zvedhijitari. Fizikisi inoita basa rekunzwisisa hunhu hwemasignal, mwero wekutumira data, uye kupindira kana ruzha.
Ruzha kupindirana kusingatarisirwi kunogona kubva munharaunda (semuenzaniso, mheni, zvimwe zvishandiso zvemagetsi) kana kubva muhurongwa pachahwo, senge ruzha rwekupisa kunokonzerwa nekufamba kwemaerekitironi muzvikamu. Thermal physics inotsanangura kuti patembiricha iri pamusoro pe zero chaiyo, zvidimbu zvinogara zvichifamba, zvichigadzira kushanduka-shanduka kwemagetsi kudiki kunogona kukanganisa masaini. Nokudaro, masisitimu ekutaurirana anoda amplification, filtering, uye error-correct coding techniques kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti data rinogona kugamuchirwa nemazvo.
Pfungwa yebandwidth yakakoshawo zvikuru. Kana bandwidth yakakura, kugona kwedata kunogona kutumirwa kunowedzera. Mufizikisi yemafungu, bandwidth inoreva huwandu hwema frequency hunoshandiswa nesignal. Matekinoroji e4G ne5G anoshandisa bandwidth yakakura uye matekiniki akaomarara ekugadzirisa data kuti awedzere kumhanya kweinternet.
Optical Fiber: Kushandiswa kweChiedza uye Kufungisisa Kwakazara
Imwe yenzira dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mufizikisi mukutaurirana ndeye fiber optics. Iyi nzira inoshandisa chiedza senzira yekutakura ruzivo, ichichibvumira kutumira data rakawanda nekumhanya kwakanyanya uye nekuderera kwakaderera.
Musimboti mukuru we optical fiber ndeyekuratidzwa kwemukati me fiber. Chiedza chinopinda mukati me fiber chicharamba chichiratidzwa mukati mayo nekuda kwemusiyano we refractive index pakati pe core ne cladding. Chero bedzi angle ye incidence yakakura kupfuura angle yakakosha, chiedza hachibudi mu fiber uye chinoramba chakavharirwa, zvichibvumira kutapurirana kure.
Kushandiswa kwemalaser nemaLED senzira dzechiedza kunosanganisirawo quantum physics, kunyanya pfungwa yekushandiswa kwemalaser. Malaser anogadzira chiedza chakabatana uye chakanangana, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakanaka kutumira masaini kuburikidza nemafiber e optical. Iyi tekinoroji inobvumira kushanda kwakasimba uye nekukurumidza kwema network epasi rose einternet, akadai setambo dzepasi pegungwa dzepasi pemakontinenti.
Masateraiti uye Kutaurirana Kureba: Maodzanyemba nemaMicrowave
Kutaurirana kwesatellite muenzaniso wekushandiswa kwefizikisi kunobatanidza makanika ekare nemagetsi. Masatellite anoiswa munzvimbo dzakatarwa, dzakadai sema "geostationary orbits", saka anoita se "akamira" kana tichienzanisa nepamusoro peNyika. Masatellite anoshanda seanodzokorora: achigamuchira zviratidzo kubva kunzvimbo dzepasi, achizvisimudzira, uye ozozvitumira kune dzimwe nzvimbo.
Ma microwave anowanzo shandiswa mukutaurirana kwesatellite nekuti anogona kutakura data rakawanda uye anogona kutungamirirwa ne parabolic antennas. Parabolic antennas dzinoshanda pahwaro hwekuratidzira mafungu akananga panzvimbo yakanangana, kuunganidza nekuwedzera chiratidzo. Zvisinei, ma microwave anokanganiswawo nemamiriro ekunze akadai semvura inonaya, saka dhizaini yesystem inoda kuongororwa kwefizikisi yemumhepo uye kupararira kwemafungu.
Tekinoroji dzemazuva ano dzisina waya: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, uye 5G
Tekinoroji isina waya inoshandisa redhiyo nema microwave kubatanidza zvishandiso zvisina waya. Wi-Fi neBluetooth zvinoshandisa ma frequency chaiwo (kazhinji 2,4 GHz ne5 GHz) nehunyanzvi hwekugadzirisa ma signal. Fizikisi yemafungu inobatsira kutsanangura kuti nei ma signal eWi-Fi achigona kupera simba paanopfuura nepamadziro, nekuda kwekupinza, kutarisisa, uye kupararira.
Zvichakadaro, 5G iri kutanga kushandisa ma millimeter waves (mmWave), ane ma frequency akakwira. Chakanakira ndechekuti bandwidth yakakura, zvichiita kuti kumhanya kwakakwirira kuve kwakanyanya. Zvisinei, mafungu aya anovharika zviri nyore uye ane range pfupi. Kuti izvi zviitike, ma beamforming uye ma network madiki emasero anoshandiswa, zvichiwedzera huwandu hwema transmitters kuti kubatana kurambe kwakasimba.
Mhedziso
Mashandisirwo efizikisi muhunyanzvi hwekutaurirana akakura uye akakosha. Mafungu emagetsi anogonesa masaini kupararira kure, magetsi nemagineti zvinoshanda mumaantenna, ma semiconductor anogonesa michina kugadzirisa data, dzidziso yemagineti inobatsira kukunda ruzha, mafiber e optical anoshandisa kuratidzwa kwemukati, uye masatellite anosanganisa pfungwa dzekufamba kwemhepo ne microwave. Kufona kwese kwese, meseji, vhidhiyo, uye kunyange internet imhedzisiro yemisimboti yakasiyana-siyana inoshandiswa muinjiniya yetekinoroji.
Nekunzwisisa hukama huripo pakati pefizikisi nekutaurirana, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuoma kuri shure kwetekinoroji yezuva nezuva uye kuona mikana yekuvandudza mune ramangwana. Sezvo fizikisi neinjiniya zvichifambira mberi, tekinoroji yekutaurirana icharamba ichikurumidza, ichishanda zvakanaka, uye ichikwanisika kune veruzhinji.
