Mashandiro Emota Dzemagetsi
Mota yemagetsi mudziyo unoshandura simba remagetsi kuita simba remakanika nenzira yekufamba kwerotary. Iyi tekinoroji inoumba musimboti wezvishandiso zvemazuva ano zvakasiyana-siyana, kubva kumafeni nemapombi emvura kusvika kumichina yefekitori uye kunyange mota dzemagetsi. Kunzwisisa misimboti yekushanda kwemamota emagetsi kwakakosha kwete chete kune vadzidzi veinjiniya asiwo kune chero ani zvake anofarira kunzwisisa kuti zvishandiso zvakatikomberedza zvinogona kushanda sei nemagetsi chete. Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura muchidimbu pfungwa huru, zvikamu zvikuru, uye kuti mota dzemagetsi dzinoshanda sei.
1. Pfungwa Yekutanga: Simba reMagineti
Nheyo huru yemota yemagetsi inobva mukusangana kuripo pakati pemagetsi emagetsi nemagineti. Kana magetsi emagetsi achipfuura nemumuchina wemagetsi (semuenzaniso, waya) mukati memunda wemagetsi, muchina wemagetsi unosangana nesimba. Chiitiko ichi chinozivikanwa sesimba reLorentz. Kutungamira kwesimba rinobuda kunoenderana nekwakananga magetsi emagetsi uye kwakananga magetsi emagetsi. Mumota yemagetsi, simba iri rinoshandiswa kugadzira torque (nguva yekutenderera) kuitira kuti rotor ikwanise kutenderera.
Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, mota yemagetsi "inomanikidza" chikamu chinotenderera (rotor) kuti chirambe chichifamba nekuda kwekusundidzira nekudhonza kwemagineti nguva dzose. Shanduko idzi dzinodzorwa kuitira kuti kutenderera kusamire panzvimbo imwe chete asi kurambe kuripo.
2. Zvikamu Zvikuru zveMota yeMagetsi
Kunyangwe paine mhando dzakawanda dzemota dzemagetsi, chimiro chadzo chikuru chinowanzo kuve nezvinhu zvinotevera:
1. Stator
Stator ndiyo chikamu chisingachinji chemota. Basa rayo nderekugadzira simba remagineti. Mune mamwe mamota, simba remagineti restator rinogadzirwa nemagineti anogara aripo, asi mune mamwe, stator inoshandisa coil inotakura magetsi kugadzira simba remagineti.
2. Rotor (Simba rekugadzira)
Rotor ndiyo chikamu chinotenderera. Rotor inowanzova nemakoiri kana magineti anosangana nesimba remagineti re stator. Kana kubatana uku kuchigadzira simba, rotor inotenderera pashaft.
3. Koiri (Inomonereka)
Coil isimbi yewaya inotakura magetsi. Mawindings anogona kuwanikwa mu stator kana rotor, zvichienderana nerudzi rwemota. Ma coil aya anoita basa guru mukugadzira simba remagineti ne torque.
4. Simba Rinobva uye Sisitimu Yekudzora
Simba rinogona kuva magetsi akananga (DC) kana magetsi achinjana (AC). Mota dzemazuva ano, kunyanya mota dzemaindasitiri nemotokari dzemagetsi, dzinoshandisa zvinhu zvinodzora zvakaita sema inverter kana madhiraivha kudzora ma frequency, voltage, uye magetsi, zvichibvumira kumhanya uye kudzora torque.
5. Commutator nemabhurashi (pamamwe mamota eDC)
Mumota yeDC yakakweshwa, commutator nemabhurashi zvinodzosa mafambiro emagetsi mu rotor coils nguva nenguva kuti zvirambe zvichifamba nenzira imwe chete uye zvichiramba zvichitenderera. Mumota isina mabhurashi, basa iri rekuchinja magetsi rinotsiviwa nemagetsi.
6. Mabheringi neDzimba
Mabheringi anobatsira kuti rotor itenderere nekukweshana kushoma, nepo mota kana furemu zvichidzivirira zvikamu zviri mukati uye zvichibatsira mukuparadza kupisa.
3. Nheyo yekushanda yemota yeDC (Direct Current)
Mota yeDC ndeimwe yemhando dziri nyore kunzwisisa dzemota nekuti pfungwa yayo iri nyore. Kana DC voltage ikashandiswa, magetsi anoyerera nemuma rotor coils, ari mukati me stator's magnetic field. Izvi zvinoita kuti simba reLorentz rishande kumativi akasiyana ema coils, zvichigadzira torque. Rotor inotanga kutenderera.
Zvisinei, pane dambudziko: kana mafambiro emagetsi ari mumakoiri akaramba akafanana, rotor inomira kana yasvika panzvimbo yakati nekuti simba rinobuda rinogona kuva zero (nzvimbo "yakaenzanirana"). Apa ndipo panopinda commutator. Commutator inodzosera mafambiro emagetsi ari mumakoiri nguva yega yega yekuchinja. Kudzokera shure uku kunoita kuti torque irambe yakafanana, zvichiita kuti rotor irambe ichitenderera.
Mamota eDC ane mukana wekudzora kumhanya zviri nyore. Kumhanya kunogona kudzorwa nekuchinja voltage, nepo torque iine chekuita nemagetsi. Nekuda kwehunhu uhwu, mamota eDC anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumashandisirwo anoda kudzora kumhanya zvakanaka, senge mimwe michina yemagetsi, mamota ematoyi, kana mamota madiki.
4. Nheyo yekushanda yemota yeAC (Alternating Current)
Mamota eAC anoshanda zvichienderana nepfungwa yekuti simba remagineti rinotenderera. Semuenzaniso, mune mota ye induction ine maphase matatu, stator ine ma coil matatu ane AC current ine musiyano we phase we 120 degrees. Musiyano we phase uyu unoita kuti simba remagineti rinogadzirwa ne stator riite seriri kutenderera pa axis yemota.
Simba remagineti rinotenderera re stator rinozo "dhonza" rotor kuti ritendererewo. Muma induction motors, rotor inowanzo tora chimiro che squirrel cage, ine mabhawa e conductor akabatana kumativi ese. Sezvo rotating magnetic field ichipfuura nepakati pe rotor, induced current inokonzereswa mu rotor bars (maererano nemutemo waFaraday we electromagnetic induction). Induced current iyi inogadzira rotor magnetic field inosangana ne stator field, zvichigadzira torque.
Chinhu chinonakidza nezvema induction motors ndechekuti rotor haimbotendereri nekumhanya kwakafanana ne stator's magnetic field. Musiyano wekumhanya uyu unonzi slip, uye slip inodiwa kuti induction iitike. Ma induction motors anozivikanwa nekusimba kwawo, nyore, uye kusagadzirisa zvakanyanya nekuti haashandise mabhurashi kana mechanical commutators.
Kunze kwemamota e induction, kunewo mamota e synchronous. Mumota ye synchronous, rotor inotenderera zvakananga nekumhanya kwesimba remagineti re stator. Rotor inogona kuva magineti anogara aripo kana electromagnet. Mamota e synchronous anoshandiswa zvakanyanya uko kushanda kwepamusoro uye kutonga kwakarurama kunodiwa, kusanganisira mune mamwe mashandisirwo emaindasitiri nemotokari dzemagetsi.
5. Zvinhu Zvinokanganisa Kumhanya uye Torque
Kumhanya kwemota yemagetsi uye torque inobuda zvinokanganiswa nezvinhu zvikuru zvakati wandei:
– Voltage nemagetsi: Mumota dzeDC, magetsi anokanganisa kumhanya, nepo magetsi achikanganisa torque. Mumota dzeAC, magetsi nemagetsi zvichiri kuita basa asi zvinowanzo tungamirirwa ne inverter.
– Kuwanda: Mumamota eAC, kumhanya kwesimba remagineti restator kunoenderana nekuwanda kwesimba remagetsi. Saka, kudzora mafrequency ndiyo nzira huru yekudzora kumhanya kwemota yeAC.
– Huwandu hwemapango: Mumota dzeAC, mapango e stator akawanda, kumhanya kwe synchronous kunodzikira kune frequency imwe chete.
– Mutoro wemuchina: Kana mutoro wacho wakawanda, torque yemota inowedzera. Mumamota e induction, mutoro wakawedzerwa unowanzowedzera kutsvedza.
- Dhizaini nezvinhu: Hunhu hwemagineti, dhizaini yekoiri, uye sisitimu yekutonhodza zvinokanganisa mashandiro uye kushanda zvakanaka.
6. Kushanda Nesimba Uye Kurasikirwa Nesimba
Haasi ese magetsi anouya anoshandurwa kuita simba remakanika. Mamwe anorasika muchimiro che:
– Kurasikirwa kwemhangura nekuda kwekusasimba kwesimbi kunounza kupisa.
– Kurasikirwa kukuru musimbi nekuda kwehysteresis uye eddy currents.
– Kurasikirwa kwemuchina nekuda kwekukweshana kwemabheringi uye kuramba mhepo.
- Kurasikirwa kwakawedzerwa nekuda kwekusakwana kwekugadzira uye harmonics muhurongwa hwekudzora.
Mota yakanaka yakagadzirirwa kuderedza kurasikirwa uku, semuenzaniso nekushandisa waya yemhangura yemhando yepamusoro, core lamination kuderedza eddy currents, uye system yekufema kana yekutonhodza.
7. Mhedziso
Musimboti wekushanda kwemota yemagetsi unonyanya kushanda pakati pemagetsi nemagetsi kuti pave ne torque uye rotational motion. Stator inogadzira simba remagineti, rotor inopindura kusimba iroro, uye system yekuchinja-chinja—ingave yemakanika mumota dzeDC dzakarukwa kana dzemagetsi mumota dzemazuva ano—inochengetedza torque inoita kuti rotor irambe ichifamba nguva dzose. Mamota eAC anovimba nesimba remagineti rinotenderera, nepo mamota eDC achinyanya kuvimba nekudzoserwa kwesimba remagetsi mu coils.
Nekunzwisisa pfungwa dzesimba reLorentz, induction yemagetsi, uye mabasa ezvikamu zvakakosha zvakaita se stator, rotor, uye controller, tinogona kuona kuti mota dzemagetsi dzinopfuura kungova "midziyo inotenderera," asi inyanzvi yekugadzira magetsi inoshanda iyo yakakosha muhupenyu hwemazuva ano. Kana uchida kuongorora zvakadzama, danho rinotevera nderekudzidza nezvemhando dzemotokari - dzakadai semota dze induction, mota dze synchronous, uye mota dzisina brushless - uye maitiro ekudzora kumhanya kwadzo uchishandisa inverter kana electronic driver.
