Pfungwa Dzekutanga dzeDzidziso yeString
Dzidziso yetambo ibazi refizikisi yedzidziso inoedza kutsanangura hunhu hwepasi rose nekuisa pfungwa yekuti zvidimbu zvekutanga hazvisi mapoinzi, asi zvinhu zvine divi rimwe chete zvinonzi "tambo." Dzidziso iyi ndeimwe yekuedza kukuru mufizikisi kubatanidza kudyidzana kwese kunozivikanwa kwepakutanga - kusanganisira simba rinokwevera pasi - muchimiro chimwe chete, chinowirirana chedzidziso. Chinyorwa chino chichatsanangura pfungwa huru dzedzidziso yetambo, kuti yakatanga sei, uye zvazvinoreva kufizikisi yemazuva ano.
Nhoroondo Pfupi
Pfungwa yedzidziso yezvikamu zvepakutanga mufizikisi yekare inoratidzwa sezvinhu zvisina chiyero kana "mapoinzi." Quantum mechanics uye dzidziso yakajairika yehukama zvakatsanangura zvakabudirira zvimwe zvinhu zvepasi rose, asi matambudziko anomuka pakuabatanidza. Chimwe chezvinetso zvikuru mufizikisi ndechekugadzira "Dzidziso yeZvese" (ToE) inogona kutsanangura zviitiko zvese zvechisikigo nemutemo mumwe chete. Dzidziso yetambo yakabuda senzira inovimbisa yekuvhara mukaha uyu.
Pfungwa Huru dzeDzidziso yeString
Pfungwa huru yedzidziso yetambo ndeyekuti zvidimbu zvekutanga hazvisi mapoinzi, asi zvidimbu zvidiki zvine hurefu hwe 10^-33 cm (zvidiki zvikuru kupfuura zvatinogona kuona netekinoroji iripo). Tambo idzi dzinogona kudedera nenzira dzakasiyana, uye kudedera uku kwakasiyana kunosarudza rudzi rwezvidimbu zvinogadzirwa. Nokudaro, zvidimbu zvese zviri muchadenga zvinogona kufungidzirwa sezviratidzo zvetambo dzinodedera mumaitiro chaiwo.
Mhando dzetambo
Kune mhando mbiri huru dzetambo mudzidziso yetambo:
1. Tambo Yakavhurika: Tambo ine magumo akasununguka.
2. Tambo Yakavharwa: Tambo ine magumo akabatana kuti iite denderedzwa.
Mhando dzakasiyana dzema "string vibration" dzinogona kumiririra zvidimbu zvakasiyana. Semuenzaniso, ma "photons", ma "electrons", uye kunyange ma "gravitons" (zvidimbu zvinofungidzirwa zvinotakura simba rekukwevera pasi) zvakanzi ndizvo zvinokudzwa zvidimbu zvakasiyana zve "strings".
Zvimwe Zviyero
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonakidza uye zvinokakavadzana pamusoro pedzidziso yetambo ndiko kuunzwa kwezvikamu zvekuwedzera. Tinorarama munyika ine zviyero zvitatu zvenzvimbo uye chiyero chimwe chete chenguva, kune zviyero zvina muchikamu-nguva. Zvisinei, dzidziso yetambo inoda zviyero zvinopfuura zvina kuti zvienderane nemasvomhu. Dzidziso yetambo yakapfava inoda zviyero gumi, nepo shanduro dzakaoma, dzakadai sedzidziso yeM, dzichida gumi nerimwe. Izvi zvinomutsa mubvunzo wekuti: zviyero izvi zvekuwedzera zvinoendepi?
Tsananguro inokurudzirwa ndeyekuti zviyero izvi "zvakavanzika" pazviyero zvidiki kwazvo, zvidiki zvekuti hazvigone kuonekwa zvakananga. Maitiro aya anozivikanwa se compacting. Imwe modhi inozivikanwa ye compacting inzvimbo yeCalabi-Yau, iyo inobvumira zviyero izvi zvekuwedzera kuti zviunganidzwe uye zvibatanidzwe mukati mechimiro chakaoma asi chakamanikana chemasvomhu.
Matambo eSuperstring uye Super Symmetry
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakabuda mudzidziso yetambo kwaive kushandiswa kwe supersymmetry, zvichikonzera kuti pave nedzidziso ye superstring. Supersymmetry ndiyo musimboti wekuti boson particle yega yega (inotakura simba) ine fermion (inotakura zvinhu), uye zvinopesana. Supersymmetry haina kuonekwa mukuyedza, asi inoonekwa seinonakidza nekuti inogona kugadzirisa matambudziko akati wandei mu particle physics, akadai sehuwandu hwemasasi uye kuenderana kwemasvomhu.
Dzidziso yeSuperstring inoda kuti dzidziso yacho ive yakafanana. Izvi zvinotitungamirira kumafomu mashanu akasiyana edzidziso yesuperstring:
1. Rudzi I
2. Rudzi rweIIA
3. Rudzi rweIIB
4. Heterotic-O
5. Heterotic-E
Imwe neimwe yedzidziso shanu idzi inoisa tambo muchimiro chakasiyana zvishoma uye ine nzira yakasiyana yekuumbwa kwayo.
Duality uye M-Theory
Kunyangwe paine dzidziso shanu dzakasiyana dze superstring, kuwanikwa kwe duality kunoreva kuti idzi dzidziso shanu dze superstring dzinogona kunge dziri zviratidzo zvakasiyana zveimwe dzidziso huru, inonzi M-Theory. Duality inotsanangura mamiriro ezvinhu apo dzidziso mbiri dzinoita sedzakasiyana dziri tsananguro imwe chete mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana. Semuenzaniso, T-duality inobatanidza mhando yeIIA nerudzi rweIIB, uye S-duality inobatanidza mhando yeI neheterotic.
Dzidziso yeM ichiri kugadzirwa uye inzvimbo inotsvagurudzwa mufizikisi yedzidziso. Inoratidza zviyero gumi nerimwe zvenguva uye inowedzera zvinhu zvine mativi akakwirira zvinozivikanwa sema membrane kana kuti "branes" pamusoro petambo.
Zvinorehwa neFizikiki
Zvinorehwa nedzidziso yetambo, kana zvikaonekwa kuti ndezvechokwadi, zvakakura kwazvo. Chekutanga, zvinogona kusanganisa gravity ne quantum mechanics muchimiro chimwe chete, chakafanana, chimwe chinhu chisati chaitwa nefizikisi yemazuva ano. Zvine mukana wekugadzira nzira yekunzwisisa kwakadzama kwe cosmology, kunyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu eBig Bang ne black hole singularity.
Uyezve, dzidziso yetambo inogona kugadzirisa matambudziko akasiyana-siyana mufizikisi yezvikamu, kusanganisira dambudziko rehurongwa hwehuwandu hwezvinhu uye cosmological constant. Kunyangwe kuchine kushoropodzwa kwakawanda uye kusava nechokwadi, kunyanya nekuda kwekushaikwa kwehumbowo hwakananga hwekuyedza, dzidziso yetambo inoramba iri imwe yenzvimbo dzinonakidza dzekutsvaga mufizikisi.
Matambudziko uye Kutsoropodzwa
Dzidziso yetambo inosangana nematambudziko akawanda uye kushoropodzwa. Imwe kushoropodzwa kukuru kushaikwa kwekufungidzira kunosimbiswa nekuyedza. Zviyero zvesimba izvo mhedzisiro yedzidziso yetambo inova yakakosha hazvigone kusvikwa netekinoroji yekuedza iripo. Uyezve, kune mhinduro dzakawanda dzinogona kugadziriswa pakuumbwa kwezvikamu zvekuwedzera, zvichikonzera mamiriro edzidziso yetambo yakakura kwazvo, zvichiita kuti kufungidzira kunoedzwa kuve kwakaoma zvakanyanya.
Kazhinji, dzidziso yetambo kuyedza kukuru kubatanidza mitemo yese yepasi rose mukati mehurongwa humwe chete, hwakanaka uye hunowirirana. Kunyangwe humbowo hwekuyedza huchiri kushaikwa, dzidziso iyi yakaunza mazano mazhinji matsva uye maturusi emasvomhu akavhura nzira itsva dzekuongorora dzidziso. Remangwana redzidziso yetambo uye mashandisirwo ayo mufizikisi rinoramba riri rimwe remibvunzo mikuru yakamirira mhinduro.
