Tsananguro yeFizikiki yeMaburi Matema
Buri dema nderimwe rezvinhu zvakanyanyisa kupfuura zvimwe zvose muchadenga: nzvimbo yenzvimbo nenguva ine simba guru renyika zvekuti hapana chinhu—kunyangwe chiedza—chinogona kupukunyuka kupfuura imwe nzvimbo. Kunyange zvazvo zvinganzwika se "maburi" akakasharara muchadenga, maburi matema haasi nzvimbo isina chinhu, asi mhedzisiro yekuwanda kwesimba/simba kuita vhoriyamu diki. Mufizikisi yemazuva ano, maburi matema anoshanda semarabhoritari echisikigo ekuyedza general relativity, quantum mechanics, uye kunzwisisa kwedu nzvimbo nenguva.
1. Kwakatangira pfungwa yemaburi matema
Pfungwa yezvinhu zvine simba guru rekukwevera pasi yakatanga muzana remakore rechi18. Zvisinei, kunzwisisa kwakasimba kwefizikisi kwakauya mushure mekunge Albert Einstein agadzira dzidziso yake ye relativity muna 1915. Mu relativity yakawanda, simba rinokwevera pasi harionekwi sesimba rekukwezva, asi se curvature ye space-time inokonzerwa nehuremu nesimba. Kana chinhu chiri chikuru uye chakakora, curvature ye space-time yakachikomberedza inova yakapinza zvikuru.
Muna 1916, Karl Schwarzschild akawana mhinduro yekutanga yemasvomhu kuequations dzaEinstein yenyaya yehukuru hwespirali husingatenderere. Mhinduro iyi yaifanotaura radius chaiyo mukati mayo, kana huturu hwaizochengetwa, "event horizon" yaizoumbwa. Pfungwa iyi yakazoshanduka kuita kunzwisisa kwemazuva ano kwemaburi matema.
2. Mugumo wezviitiko: muganhu wekuti "hapana kudzoka"
Chinhu chinokosha pagomba dema ihorizon yechiitiko, nzvimbo yekufungidzira inoratidza muganhu apo kumhanya kwekubuda kwakaenzana nekumhanya kwechiedza. Mufizikisi yekare, kumhanya kwekubuda ndiko kumhanya kushoma uko chinhu chinogona kupukunyuka simba regiravhiti pasina kudzokera mukati. Panyika, inenge 11,2 km/s. Zvisinei, kana chinhu chiri chikuru kwazvo uye chine radius diki kwazvo, kumhanya kwacho kwekubuda kunogona kupfuura kumhanya kwechiedza.
Nekuti, zvichienderana nehunyanzvi hwepamusoro uye hwese hwehukama, chiedza ndicho chinodiwa pakumhanya kukuru kweruzivo nezvinhu, chero chinhu chinopfuura nepamuganhu wechiitiko hachigone kutumira chiratidzo kumashure. Ichi ndicho chikonzero nei maburi matema achiratidzika se "matema": chiedza chinopinda hachigoni kubuda, saka hapana chiedza chinodzoserwa kumuoni.
Panyaya yemasvomhu, kune gomba dema reSchwarzschild, dhayamita yenzvimbo yaro yechiitiko inonzi Schwarzschild radius:
rₛ = 2GM / c²
di mana:
- G ndiyo simba rinokwevera pasi,
– M huremu hwechinhu chacho,
– c kumhanya kwechiedza.
Kana huremu hwacho hwakakura, rₛ inowedzera. Zvinofadza kuti, maburi matema haafanirwe kunge ari "madiki"; maburi matema makuru ane magumo ezviitiko anogona kukura kupfuura kutenderera kwemapuraneti.
3. Kusawirirana: chinhu chakanyanya kukosha mumuenzaniso wehukama
Pakati pegomba dema, general relativity inofanotaura singularity, nzvimbo iyo curvature yespacetime inova isingaperi nemasvomhu, uye huwandu hwemass hunoita sehusina magumo. Zvisinei, vazhinji vefizikisi vanoona singularity sechiratidzo chekuti dzidziso (general relativity) haina kukwana kune mamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa akadaro.
Apa ndipo panoda dzidziso ye quantum gravity: musanganiswa we general relativity uye quantum mechanics iyo inogona kutsanangura zvinoitika pazviyero zvidiki uye zvine simba. Kusvika pari zvino, zvinhu zvimwechete zvichiri mubvunzo wakadzama—kuti zviripo here panyama, kana kuti ingori zvinhu zvemasvomhu zvinodarika simba razvo.
4. Mhando dzemaburi matema
Kazhinji, maburi matema anosiyaniswa zvichienderana nehuremu hwawo uye maitiro ekuumbwa kwawo.
1. Buri dema rine nyeredzi
Dzakaumbwa kubva pakudonha kwepakati penyeredzi huru mushure mekuputika kwesupernova, huwandu hwadzo hunowanzova hwakawanda kusvika kugumi hwehuremu hweZuva.
2. Buri dema guru kwazvo
Iri pakati pemapoka enyeredzi, kusanganisira Milky Way (Sagittarius A). Ukuru hwadzo hwakapetwa mamiriyoni kusvika mabhiriyoni ehuremu hweZuva. Maitiro ekuumbwa kwadzo achiri kudzidzwa; zvingangodaro zvakaitika kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwemaburi matema akawanda uye kuunganidzwa kwezvinhu mumakore mabhiriyoni.
3. Maburi matema ane huremu hwepakati
Ukuru hwadzo hunotangira pamazana kusvika kumazana ezviuru zvesimba rezuva. Uchapupu hwekuvapo kwadzo huri kuwedzera, asi huwandu hwadzo hahuna kunyatsotsanangurwa.
4. Maburi matema ekutanga (ekufungidzira)
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti yakaumbwa muchadenga chepakutanga nekuda kwekushanduka-shanduka kwakanyanya kwehuwandu hwezvinhu. Kuvapo kwayo hakuna kuratidzwa, asi inowanzo kurukurwa mu cosmology uye inomiririra rima matter.
5. Kupesvedzera kwemaburi matema pane zvakatipoteredza: kuwedzera uye madhisiki
Kunyange hazvo maburi matema pachawo asingaburitse chiedza, nharaunda yawo inogona kupenya zvikuru. Sezvo gasi neguruva zvichidonhera kugomba dema, zvinhu izvi zvinowanzoita diski yekuwedzera. Kukweshana nekudziya kunokonzerwa nekufamba kwayo nekukurumidza kunoita kuti diski iyi ibudise simba rakawanda, kunyanya muchimiro cheX-rays.
Mumaburi matema makuru kwazvo, madhisiki ekuwedzera anogona kugadzira maquasar—zvimwe zvezvinhu zvinopenya zvikuru muchadenga. Uyezve, mamwe maburi matema anoburitsa majeti ane simba guru, majeti ane simba guru anobuda kubva mumatanda egomba dema nekumhanya kwechiedza. Majeti aya anoshanda pamwe chete nepakati penyeredzi uye anogona kukanganisa kushanduka kwemagalaxies.
6. Kuwirirana kwenguva pedyo negomba dema
Imwe yefungidziro dzinonakidza dzehuwandu hwehukama ndeyekuwedzera kwenguva yegiravhiti. Kana simba regiravhiti rikasimba, nguva inononoka kupfuura kana tichienzanisa nenzvimbo dzine simba regiravhiti (maererano nechiyero chiri pakati pevacherechedzi vaviri). Pedyo nepakatarisana nechiitiko, mhedzisiro iyi inova yakanyanya kuipa.
Kune munhu ari kure, chinhu chinowira pagomba dema chinoita sechinononoka uye "chinooma" pachinosvika pamucheto wechiitiko, chiedza chacho chichiwedzera kutsvuka (kuchinjwa tsvuku) uye kudzima. Zvisinei, kune chinhu chinowira pachacho (mufuremu yemunzvimbo yacho), chinopfuura nepakati pemuganhu wechiitiko munguva pfupi uye chobva chaenderera mberi chakananga pakati pasina kusangana nechero "nguva yekumira" yemunzvimbo. Musiyano uyu mumaonero hausi kupokana, asi mhedzisiro yechimiro chenguva yenzvimbo.
7. Mwaranzi yeHawking: maburi matema anogona "kupwanyika"
Mumakore ekuma1970, Stephen Hawking akabatanidza pfungwa dze quantum mechanics ne space-time iri pedyo ne event horizon ndokuwana kuti maburi matema anofanira kuburitsa mwaranzi inopisa, inozivikanwa ikozvino se Hawking radiation. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, kushanduka kwe quantum mu vacuum kunogona kugadzira ma particle-antiparticle pairs. Kana imwe ikawira mugomba dema uye imwe ikapukunyuka, saka kubva pamaonero emuoni ari kure, buri dema rinoburitsa particle.
Mugumisiro wacho unoshamisa: maburi matema anogona kurasikirwa nehuremu zvishoma nezvishoma uye pakupedzisira anonyangarika. Zvisinei, kune maburi matema ane nyeredzi kana kuti maburi matema makuru, mwero uyu wekubuda kwemvura mumhepo udiki zvikuru—mudiki zvikuru pane maitiro ekuwedzera kwemvura muzviitiko zvakawanda. Mwaranzi yeHawking inonyanya kukosha kune maburi matema madiki (ekufungidzira), nekuti kana huremu hwegomba dema hudiki, tembiricha yemwaranzi yayo inowedzera.
8. Humbowo hwekuti kune maburi matema
Nekuti maburi matema haaburitse chiedza zvakananga, humbowo hwekuvapo kwawo hunobva mumhedzisiro yegiravhiti nemwaranzi inobva kuzvinhu zvakatenderedza. Zvimwe zvezviratidzo zvikuru ndeizvi:
- Kufamba kwenyeredzi dzakatenderedza pakati penyeredzi:
Kucherechedzwa kwemafambiro enyeredzi pedyo neSagittarius A kunoratidza kuvapo kwehukuru hwakakura, hwakaita seburi guru dema.
- Masisitimu enyeredzi mbiri uye X-rays:
Kana nyeredzi ikatenderera chinhu chikuru chisingaonekwe uye zvinhu zvinobva munyeredzi zvikabuda kuti zvigadzire diski yekuwedzera, maX-ray akasimba anogona kuonekwa.
– Mafungu egiravhiti:
Zvishandiso zveLIGO neVirgo zvakaona mafungu egiravhiti achibatana nemaburi matema. Zviratidzo izvi zvinoenderana nekufanotaura kwehuwandu hwezvinhu.
– Mufananidzo wemumvuri wegomba dema:
Telescope yeEvent Horizon (EHT) yakabudirira kutora mifananidzo ye "mumvuri" wegomba dema mugalaxy M87 uye Sagittarius A. Chinoonekwa hachisi gomba dema pacharo, asi chimiro chehorizon yechiitiko ichi chinopesana nechiedza chinobva mugasi rinopisa rakapoteredza.
9. Mibvunzo yakavhurika: ruzivo uye giravhiti yekwantumu
Maburi matema anokonzerawo matambudziko makuru, rimwe rawo riri dambudziko reruzivo. Mu quantum mechanics, ruzivo nezvemamiriro ehurongwa harufanirwe kurasika. Zvisinei, kana gomba dema rikanyangarika kuburikidza nemwaranzi yeHawking inoratidzika kunge isina kurongeka, ruzivo nezvenyaya iyi rwakambowira rwunoenda kupi? Gakava iri rakakurudzira kufambira mberi mu string theory, holography, uye pfungwa yekuti ruzivo runogona kuchengetwa panzvimbo yechiitiko neimwe nzira.
Mhedziso
Maburi matema haasi zvinhu zvemuchadenga zvekunze chete, asiwo ndiwo musanganiswa wezvikamu zviviri zvefizikisi yemazuva ano: general relativity uye quantum mechanics. Kubva pakureba kwezviitiko uye kuwedzera kwenguva kusvika kumadhisiki akajeka ekuwedzera uye mwaranzi yeHawking, maburi matema anoratidza kuti nyika inogona kushanda sei pamiganhu yedzidziso dzedu. Tsvagiridzo pamusoro pemaburi matema iri kuramba ichienderera mberi kuburikidza nekucherechedza mafungu egiravhiti, materesikopu ane resolution yepamusoro, uye kukura kwegiravhiti yequantum—zvichipa tariro yekuti chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakavanzika zvemuchadenga chingave chichinzwisiswa zviri nani zvishoma nezvishoma.
