Pepa reFizikisi pamusoro peMafungu Eruzha
Pendauluan
Mafungu eruzha chiitiko chinoonekwa chakabatana zvikuru nehupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Ruzha runogonesa vanhu kutaurirana kuburikidza nehurukuro, kunakidzwa nemimhanzi, uye kutoshandisa matekinoroji akadai sefoni, sonar, uye ultrasonic zvishandiso mukurapa. Panyama, ruzha runoshanda. mafungu emakanika izvo zvinoda nzira yekufambisa, kusiyana nemafungu emagetsi akaita sechiedza chinogona kupararira mumhepo isina chinhu. Kunzwisisa kwe mafungu eruzha inofukidza kuti ruzha runoumbwa sei, kuti ruzha runopararira sei, zvinhu zvinopesvedzera kumhanya kwekupararira, uye hunhu hunosarudza kukwirira uye simba reruzha. Pepa rino rinotaura nezve pfungwa huru dzemafungu manzwi, maequation akakosha, uye mamwe mashandisirwo awo.
Pfungwa Dzekutanga Mafungu Eruzha
Mafungu eruzha anosanganisira mafungu emakanika Longitudinal. Inonzi mechanical nekuti inoda medium (mhepo, mvura, kana solid), uye inonzi longitudinal nekuti divi rekuzunguzika kwezvikamu zvemedium rinoenderana nedivi rekupararira kwemafungu. Kana ruzha rwuchizunguzika—semuenzaniso, tuning fork kana speaker membrane—vibration inokonzera kudzvanywa uye rarefaction munzvimbo yakapoteredza. Maitiro aya ekudzvanywa uye rarefaction anopararira semafungu eruzha.
Ruzha rune huwandu hwakakosha hwakati wandei, kusanganisira frequency, period, wavelength, uye speed. Frequency (f) inoratidza huwandu hwevibrations pasekondi mu hertz (Hz). Period (T) inguva yevibration imwe chete, saka hukama hunotevera hunoshanda:
f = 1/T.
Wavelength (λ) inhambwe iri pakati pekudzvanywa kaviri kwakatevedzana kana kuwedzera kaviri kwakatevedzana, nepo kumhanya kwemafungu (v) kuchizadzisa equation yemafungu ese:
v = λ f .
Iyi equation inoratidza kuti kune imwe nzira, kumhanya kwekupararira kunogona kuonekwa sekusingachinji (pasi pemamwe mamiriro), zvekuti urefu hwewavelength hunoenderana nefrequency.
Kumhanya kweRuzha uye Zvinhu Zvinorupesvedzera
Kumhanya kweruzha kunoenderana zvikuru nechimiro chechinhu chacho. Kazhinji, ruzha runofamba nekukurumidza muzvinhu zvakasimba, wozotevera mumvura, uye runononoka mugasi. Izvi zvine chekuita nekuwanda uye kusimba kwechinhu chacho. Zvinhu zvakaoma zvine kusimba kwakanyanya, zvichiita kuti kudedera kutumirwe nekukurumidza.
Mumhepo pa0°C, kumhanya kweruzha kunosvika 331 m/s. Kumhanya kweruzha mumhepo kunowedzera nekupisa kuri kuwedzera, izvo zvinowanzo fungidzirwa nefomura:
v ≈ 331 + 0,6T
neT mu °C. Izvi zvinoreva kuti pa20°C kumhanya kweruzha kunenge 331 + 0,6(20) = 343 m/s. Zvimwe zvinhu zvakaita sehunyoro zvinokanganisawo kumhanya nekuti zvinochinja huwandu hwemhepo. Mhepo ine hunyoro hwakawanda inowanzowedzera kumhanya kweruzha zvishoma zvichienzaniswa nemhepo yakaoma.
Kusimba kweRuzha uye Madanho eKusimba
Simba reruzha (I) isimba remafungu eruzha anopinda munzvimbo yakatarwa pasekondi, anoyerwa muma watts pa square meter (W/m²). Simba rinoona kuti ruzha rwakaita sei. Sezvo daro kubva panobva ruzha richiwedzera, simba rinowanzo derera nekuti simba rinopararira panzvimbo yakakura. Kune point source inoburitsa zvakafanana, simba racho rinoenderana ne square yedaro:
I ∝ 1/r².
Mukuita, huwandu hwesimba reruzha (β) hunowanzo shandiswa muma decibel (dB) nekuti nzeve yemunhu inopindura ruzha nenzira ye logarithmic. Fomura yacho ndeiyi:
β = 10 log(I/I₀)
neI₀ = 10⁻¹² W/m² sechikamu chekusimba kwekunzwa kwevanhu. Manzwi ane β angangoita 0 dB ndiwo chikamu chekunzwa, nepo manzwi ari pamusoro pe120 dB anogona kukonzera kurwadziwa kana kukuvara kwekunzwa. Chikero ichi chinobatsira kuyera huwandu hweruzha rwezvakatipoteredza, semuenzaniso mumigwagwa mikuru kana mumafekitori.
Kuwanda, Kukwira, uye Kurira Kwemashoko
Kuwanda kwemafungu eruzha kunoenderana nekunzwisiswa kwenzwi. Ruzha rwakakwirira rune mafrequency akakwira, nepo ruzha rwakaderera rune mafrequency akaderera. Rudzi rwekunzwa kwevanhu runowanzova pakati pe20 Hz kusvika 20.000 Hz. Ruzha rwuri pasi pe20 Hz runonzi infrasonic, nepo rwuri pamusoro pe20 kHz runonzi ultrasound.
Kunze kwekukwirira kwenzwi, kunewo mhando yeruzha, kana kuti timbre, inosiyanisa zviridzwa zvemimhanzi, kunyangwe izvo zvine frequency yakafanana. Timbre inopesvedzerwa nekugadzirwa kweharmonic, izvo zviri kuwanda kwefrequency yekutanga inobva mumafungu akaomarara. Semuenzaniso, piyano negitare zvinoridza noti "A" (440 Hz) zvichiri kurira zvakasiyana nekuda kweharmonic dzakasiyana.
Zviitiko muMafungu Eruzha
Zvimwe zviitiko zvakakosha mumafungu eruzha zvinosanganisira kufungisisa, kupenya, kupenya, kupindira, uye kupenya.
1. Kuratidzwa kweruzha (manzwi uye kudzokorora)
Kuratidzwa kweruzha kunoitika kana mafungu eruzha akarova nzvimbo yakaoma. Kana ruzha rwunoratidzwa rwukanzwika zvakajeka mushure meruzha rwekutanga, runonzi echo. Kana kuratidzwa kwacho kukapindirana, zvichiita kuti ruzha rurambe ruchienderera mberi, runonzi reverberation.
2. Kubviswa kweruzha
Kupatsanurwa kunoitika kana ruzha ruchifamba nepakati pechinhu chine musiyano mukupisa kana kuwanda kwacho, zvichichinja kumhanya kwacho. Semuenzaniso, husiku, mhepo iri pedyo nepasi inotonhorera, zvichiita kuti ruzha rufambe kure pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu.
3. Kupatsanurwa
Kuchinja-chinja zvinoreva kukotama kwemafungu paanopfuura nemumipata kana mumipendero yezvinovharira. Ruzha runogona kupatsanurwa nyore nyore nekuti urefu hwemafungu aro hwakareba. Ndosaka ruzha ruchiri kunzwika kunyangwe kwarunobva kuri seri kwemadziro kana gonhi.
4. Kupindira
Kupindirana kusanganiswa kwemafungu maviri anokonzera kuwedzera simba (kuvaka) kana kuderedza simba (kuparadza). Kupindirana kweruzha kunogona kushandiswa muhunyanzvi hwekubvisa ruzha nekugadzira mafungu asiri padanho.
5. Kurira kwezwi
Kurira kwezwi kunoitika kana sisitimu ikadedera zvakasimba pafrequency chaiyo yakafanana kana kuti iri pedyo nefrequency yayo yechisikigo. Mienzaniso yekurira kwezwi inosanganisira zviridzwa zvemimhanzi zvakaita senyere, magitare, uye nhengo dzepombi, uko mhepo inorira, zvichiburitsa ruzha rukuru.
Kushandiswa kweMafungu Eruzha
Mafungu eruzha anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu tekinoroji nesainzi. Mukurapa, mafungu e ultrasonic anoshandiswa mu ultrasound (ultrasounds) kuongorora vana vari mudumbu kana nhengo dzemukati pasina kuvhiyiwa. Mukufamba nesainzi yegungwa, sonar inoshandisa kuratidzwa kwemafungu eruzha kuyera kudzika kwegungwa kana kuona zvinhu zviri pasi pemvura. Muindasitiri, ma ultrasound anoshandiswa kuona mitswe iri muzvinhu (kuyedza kusingaparadze) uye kuchenesa zvinhu zvidiki uchishandisa vibrations yepamusoro.
Mukutaurirana, maikorofoni anoshandura mafungu eruzha kuita masaini emagetsi, ukuwo masipika anoshandura masaini emagetsi kuita masaini eruzha. Mukuvaka maacoustics, ruzivo rwekuratidzwa kweruzha uye kunyudzwa kweruzha runoshandiswa kugadzira makonzati ekuita kuti ruzha ruve rwemhando yepamusoro uye kuderedza kurira kwakanyanya.
Mhedziso
Mafungu eruzha mafungu emagetsi anotora nguva yakareba anoda nzira yekufambisa. Hunhu hweruzha hunogona kutsanangurwa kuburikidza nehuwandu hwemuviri hwakadai sehuwandu, kureba kwewavelength, kumhanya, uye simba. Kumhanya kweruzha kunokanganiswa nerudzi rwenzira yepakati netembiricha, nepo kunzwa kweruzha kwakabatana nekusimba uye huwandu hwesimba muma decibels. Zvinhu zvakaita sekufungisisa, kupindira, diffraction, uye resonance zvinovandudza kudzidza kwemafungu eruzha uye zvinotsigira mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana mu tekinoroji, mushonga, indasitiri, uye kutaurirana. Nekunzwisisa pfungwa yemafungu eruzha, tinogona kutsanangura zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zveacoustic zvakatikomberedza uye kushandisa ruzha zvinobudirira uye zvakachengeteka.
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Kana muchida, ndinogona kuwedzera chimiro chakazara chepepa (chidimbu, kuumbwa kwezvinetso, zvinangwa, ongororo yedzidziso, hurukuro, mhedziso, uye bhuku remabhuku) ndorigadzirisa kuti rienderane nechikoro chesekondari kana kukoreji.
