Dzidziso Pamusoro peSimba reDark uye Dark Matter
Zvinhu zvose zvatinoona—nyeredzi, mapuraneti, gasi riri pakati penyeredzi, uye magiraksi—zvinomiririra chikamu chidiki chezvinhu zvose. Kubva pakupera kwezana remakore rechi20, nyanzvi dzezvemamiriro ekunze dzave dzichiwedzera kuva nechokwadi chekuti chikamu chikuru chezvinhu zvose hachioneki kwatiri. Mashoko maviri anowanzobuda muhurukuro iyi inyaya yerima nesimba rerima. Ose ari maviri "rima" nekuti haaburitse, haadyi, kana kuratidza chiedza nenzira inoonekwa zviri nyore; zvisinei, mabasa avo anofungidzirwa uye hunhu hwavo zvakasiyana zvikuru. Nyaya ino inokurukura dzidziso huru pamusoro pezvinhu zverima nesimba rerima, humbowo hwekucherechedza hunovatsigira, uye matambudziko achiri kusangana nesainzi yemazuva ano.
Sei Tichida Pfungwa ye "Rima"?
Mukudzidza nezve cosmology, dzidziso dzinofanira kuenderana nedata rekutarisa. Kana vaongorori venyeredzi vachiyera kumhanya kwekutenderera kwemagalaxies, nzira yavanokombamisa chiedza (gravitational lensing), uye mapatani emwaranzi akasara kubva kuBig Bang (Cosmic Microwave Background/CMB), mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti pane "chimwe chinhu" chinowedzerawo simba regiravhiti nekushanduka-shanduka kwenyika. Asi "chimwe chinhu" ichocho hachiratidzike sechinhu chinopenya senyeredzi.
Kune rumwe rutivi, pamwero mukuru kwazvo wezvinhu zvose, kucherechedza kwemhando yeIa supernovae mukupera kwema1990 kwakaratidza chokwadi chinoshamisa: kukura kwenyika hakusi kunonoka, asi kuti kuri kukurumidza. Kuti titsanangure kukurumidza uku, paidiwa chikamu chine kumanikidzwa kusina kunaka chaive chichisunda nzvimbo nenguva kuti ikure nekukurumidza. Chikamu ichi chakazotumidzwa zita rekuti simba rerima.
Dark Matter: Dzidziso Huru uye Uchapupu
1. Kutenderera kweGalaxy
Chimwe chezviratidzo zvechinyakare zvezvinhu zvakati wandei chinobva mukuyera makomba ekutenderera kwemagalaksi anotenderera. Zvichienderana negravity yaNewtonian, kumhanya kwenyeredzi dzinotenderera pakati pegalaksi kunofanira kudzikira nekuwedzera kwedaro kubva pakati. Zvisinei, zvakapesana zvinoonekwa: kumhanya kunowanzo ramba kwakakwirira uye "kwakatsetseka" kure kure nemucheto wegalaksi. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kune humwe huremu hwakapararira zvakanyanya, zvichigadzira halo yezvinhu zvakati wandei yakakomberedza galaksi.
2. Lenzi yegiravhiti
Zvichienderana nerelativity yakajairika, huremu hunokombama munzvimbo, saka chiedza chinopfuura pedyo nehuremu hukuru chinokombama. Munzvimbo dzakawanda dzepasi rose (mapoka enyeredzi, magiraksi rimwe chete), mhedzisiro yegiravhiti inoratidza huwandu hwakawanda hwehuremu kupfuura hunogona kuverengerwa nezvinhu zvinopenya. Muenzaniso wakakurumbira iBullet Cluster, uko kugoverwa kwehuremu (kunoteverwa kuburikidza negiravhiti) kunoparadzaniswa negasi rinopisa rinopenya (rinoonekwa muX-rays). Chiitiko ichi chinowanzoonekwa sechinotsigira zvakasimba chokwadi chekuti dark matter chinhu chaicho, pane kungofungidzira zvisirizvo nezvegiravhiti.
3. Kupenya Kwemuchadenga (CMB) uye Maumbirwo Akakura
CMB inochengetedza "kutevedzana" kwemamiriro ezvinhu muchadenga chepakutanga. Mapatani madiki ekuchinja-chinja muCMB, kana akaongororwa, anopa fungidziro yekuumbwa kwechadenga. Mhedzisiro yacho inoenderana nemamodheru anoratidza kuti muchadenga mune angangoita ~5% yezvinhu zvakajairika, ~27% zvinhu zvakasviba, uye ~68% simba rakasviba (nhamba dzinogona kusiyana zvishoma zvichienderana nedata). Zvinhu zvakasviba zvinobatsirawo kutsanangura kuti maumbirwo echadenga—kubva kumagalaksi kusvika kumafilamenti makuru—anogona kuumbwa nekukurumidza sezvinoonekwa.
Zvidimbu zveDark Matter: Kubva paZvidimbu Zvitsva kusvika kuPrimordial Black Holes
Dzidziso yerima inonyanya kufarirwa inofungidzira kuti imhando yezvinhu zviri muchimiro chezvidimbu zvatisati tawana mufizikisi yezvidimbu.
1. WIMP (Zvidimbu Zvikuru Zvinobatana Zvisina Kusimba)
MaWIMP aimbove ari pamberi nekuti aigona kuonekwa mumamodeli akawedzerwa efizikisi yezvikamu uye achigadzira density "yakarurama" yenzvimbo (inowanzonzi "chishamiso cheWIMP"). Zvisinei, kuyedza kwakasiyana-siyana kwekuona zvakananga (semuenzaniso, kushandisa ma detector epasi pevhu) kusvika pari zvino kwakundikana kuwana chiratidzo chinogutsa.
2. Axion
Axion chinhu chinofungidzirwa kuti chaivepo pakutanga chakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa dambudziko mudzidziso yekubatana kwakasimba (QCD). MaAxion anogona kunge akareruka asi akawanda, nokudaro achipa huwandu hwakawanda hwehuremu uye achiita se "cold" dark matter".
3. Ma neutrino asina utachiona
Kusiyana nema neutrinos akajairwa, asingashande zvakanaka, ma neutrinos asina utachiona anotonyanya kuoma kuona. Kana aripo, anogona kushanda se "zvinhu zvinodziya" zverima, zvichikanganisa kuumbwa kwechimiro pachiyero chakati.
4. MACHO nezvinhu zvidiki
Vanhu vakadai semapuraneti asina simba, nyeredzi dzisina simba, kana zvimwe zvinhu zvidiki (MACHOs) vakamboongororwa, asi ongororo dze microlensing dzinoratidza kuti hadzina kuwanda zvakakwana kutsanangura zvinhu zvitema. Kunewo pfungwa yemaburi matema ekutanga (akaumbwa muchadenga chepakutanga), asi miganhu yekutarisa inoita kuti zviome kuva tsananguro yega yezvinhu zvitema zvese.
Imwe nzira: Kugadziriswa kweGravity (MOND neShamwari)
Pane kuwedzera "zvinhu zvisingaonekwe," mamwe masayendisiti akati kunzwisisa kwedu simba rinokwevera pasi pachikero chenyeredzi hakuna kunaka. Dzidziso dzakadai seMOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics) dzinochinja mitemo yaNewton yekukurumidzira kudiki, zvichiita kuti ma curve ekutenderera atsanangurwe pasina zvinhu zvakasviba.
Zvisinei, dambudziko guru redzidziso dzegravity dzakagadziriswa nderekutsanangura humbowo hwese panguva imwe chete—kunyanya zviitiko zvakaita seBullet Cluster uye kuenderana kweCMB. Kwave nekuvandudzwa kweMOND (semuenzaniso, TeVeS), asi kusvika pari zvino, mamodheru edark matter ave "akazara" mukuisa data rakasiyana-siyana.
Simba Rerima: Chii uye Sei Rinofungidzirwa Kuti Riripo?
Simba rerima rakataurwa kuti ritsanangure kuwedzera kukuru kwepasi rose. Mukati mehurongwa hwehukama hwese, kukurumidza uku kunogona kukonzerwa nechikamu chesimba chine kumanikidzwa kwakashata. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, simba rerima rikawanda, nzvimbo inokura nekukurumidza pachiyero chepasi rose.
Humbowo hukuru hwesimba rerima hunosanganisira:
– Mhando yeIa supernovae inoshanda se "makenduru akajairwa" ekuyera daro remuchadenga. Supernovae dziri kure dzinoita sedzisina kujeka kupfuura zvaitarisirwa kana kukura kwacho kuri kunonoka.
- CMB ne baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) zvinopa "mutongi wepasi rose" wekutevera nhoroondo yekukura kwesimba.
- Kupararira kwezvivakwa zvikuru zvinokwanisa kukura zvakanyanya.
Dzidziso yeSimba Rerima: Kubva kuCosmological Constant kusvika kuQuintessence
1. Cosmological Constant (Λ)
Tsananguro iri nyore ndeye Einstein's cosmological constant: simba re vacuum rine density inoramba iripo nekufamba kwenguva. Muenzaniso wakajairika we cosmology yemazuva ano unowanzo nyorwa se ΛCDM, apo Λ iri simba rerima uye CDM iri "cold dark matter." Muenzaniso uyu unobudirira zvikuru mukutsanangura ruzivo rwakawanda.
Dambudziko: kana nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzichiedza kuverenga simba re vacuum kubva ku quantum theory, mhedzisiro yacho yakakura kupfuura zvinoonekwa—musiyano unogona kuva wakanyanya. Izvi zvinozivikanwa se cosmological constant problem.
2. Quintessence
Mumuenzaniso uyu, simba rerima harisi chinhu chisingaperi, asi rinobva mumunda une simba re scalar rinoshanduka nekufamba kwenguva. Izvi zvinobvumira kuti simba rerima riwedzere, izvo zvinogona (mupfungwa) kuderedza "kusanzwisisika" kwechinhu chisingaperi che cosmological. Zvisinei, muenzaniso uyu unofanirwa kutsanangurwa nokungwarira kudzivirira kupesana nedata rekucherechedza rinoratidza maitiro esimba rerima ari pedyo nechisingaperi.
3. Simba rerima re "Phantom" uye Kuwirirana Kwakagadziriswa
Kune mamodheru anobvumira parameter yemamiriro esimba rerima (w) kuva diki pane -1 (“phantom”), zvingangotungamira kune zviitiko zvakanyanya senge Big Rip. Kunewo nzira dzinoshandura dzidziso yegiravhiti pazviyero zvikuru (semuenzaniso, f(R) gravity) kuitira kuti kukurumidza kuoneke pasina chikamu chakasiyana chesimba rerima.
Matambudziko uye Mirayiridzo Yekutsvaga Remangwana
Kunyangwe ΛCDM yave muenzaniso "wakajairika" we cosmology, mibvunzo yakawanda yakakosha ichiripo:
– Chii chinonzi dark matter particles? Sei zvisati zvaonekwa murabhoritari?
– Simba rerima rinoramba riripo here kana kuti rinochinja nekufamba kwenguva?
– Hubble tension: kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwekuwedzera kwezvinhu zvakasikwa (H0) kubva kuCMB uye kubva kukuyerwa kwenzvimbo dzimwe nguva hakuenderane zvakakwana, zvichiwedzera mukana wekuti pave nefizikisi itsva.
Mapurojekiti akasiyana-siyana ekuongorora nekuyedza ari kuenderera mberi kugadzirisa izvi: ongororo dzemagalaxy makuru, kuyerwa kwemalenzi egiravhiti kwakanyatsojeka, ma "particle detectors" echizvarwa chitsva, uye ma "BAOs" akanyatsotsanangurwa. Kufambira mberi kwemakombiyuta kuri kubatsirawo mukuenzanisa kuumbwa kwechimiro chemuchadenga, kusiyanisa pakati pemamiriro ezvinhu erima nezvimwe zvinotsiva.
Penutup
Zvinhu zviri murima nesimba rerima ipfungwa mbiri huru dzinoumba kunzwisisa kwedu kwemazuva ano kwezvinhu zvose. Zvinhu zviri murima zvinonyanya "kuoneka" kuburikidza nepesvedzero yaro yekukwevera magiraksi nemaboka emagiraksi, nepo simba rerima rakatanga nekuda kwekudikanwa kwekutsanangura kukura kuri kukurumidza kwezvinhu zvose. Kunyange zvazvo pasina chimwe chazvo chisinganzwisisike zvizere, modhi yeΛCDM, iyo inosanganisa zviviri izvi, yakaratidza kubudirira zvikuru mukufananidza zvakacherechedzwa zvakawanda.
Asi kubudirira uku hakusi kuguma kwenyaya. Kutaura zvazviri, "rima" rinofukidza chikamu chikuru chenyika rinoratidza kuti kuchine zvikamu zvefizikisi yepakutanga isati yawanikwa. Sezvo tekinoroji yekutarisa ichirodza uye kuyedza kwezvikamu kuchiva kwakaoma kunzwisisa, tiri kuswedera pedyo nekupindura mibvunzo mikuru: rima chinhu chitsva here, simba rerima chinhu chenzvimbo isina chinhu here, kana kuti tinofanira kugadzirisa kunzwisisa kwedu simba rinokwevera pasi pacharo.
