Nyaya inotevera ine musoro unoti "Mienzaniso yeMibvunzo paKukurukurirana kweDzidziso yeKushanduka-shanduka kwePre-Darwinian":
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Mienzaniso yeMibvunzo Inokurukura Dzidziso yeKushanduka-shanduka kweZvinhu yaPre-Darwinian
Charles Darwin asati aburitsa dzidziso yake yechimurenga yekushanduka-shanduka mubhuku rake, "On the Origin of Species" muna 1859, paiva nepfungwa dzakasiyana-siyana pamusoro pekushanduka-shanduka uye mavambo ehupenyu. Dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka kwePre-Darwin inotsanangura maonero nepfungwa pamusoro pekushanduka-shanduka mafungiro aDarwin asati ava nesimba. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora dzimwe pfungwa dzakakosha pre-Darwin uye tichakurukura mimwe mienzaniso yezvinetso zvakajairika zvine chekuita nedzidziso idzi.
1. Dzidziso yaLamarck (Lamarckism)
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck aive nyanzvi yezvebhayoloji yekuFrance uyo akakurudzira dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi19. Imwe yepfungwa dzaLamarck dzakakurumbira ndeye "Dzidziso yeNhaka yeHunhu Hwakawanikwa." Lamarck akataura kuti zvipenyu zvinogona kuzvichinja muhupenyu hwazvo zvichibva pakushandiswa uye kusashandiswa kwenhengo dzemuviri wazvo, uye shanduko idzi dzinogona kupfuudzwa kuvana vazvo.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 1:
Tsanangura musiyano mukuru uripo pakati pedzidziso yaLamarck nedzidziso yaDarwin.
Kukurukurirana:
Lamarck aitenda kuti shanduko dzinoitwa muhupenyu hwechisikwa nekuda kwekushandiswa kana kusashandiswa kwezvimwe zvikamu zvemuviri dzaigona kupfuudzwa kuvana vacho. Semuenzaniso, Lamarck angati twiza dzine mitsipa mirefu nekuti madzitateguru adzo aitambanudza mitsipa yawo kuti asvike pamashizha pamiti mirefu. Kusiyana neizvi, Darwin akataura kuti kusiyana kwechisikigo kunoitika muhuwandu hwevanhu, uye kusarudzwa kwechisikigo kunobatsira vanhu vane hunhu hwakakodzera nharaunda yavo kuti vararame uye vabereke.
2. Dzidziso yeNjodzi (Njodzi)
Njodzi huru ipfungwa yekuti Pasi nehupenyu zviri mariri zvakaumbwa nenjodzi dzechisikigo dzakatevedzana, dzakadai semafashamo makuru kana kuputika kwegomo, izvo zvakakonzera kutsakatika kwevanhu vakawanda. Georges Cuvier, nyanzvi yezvepaleontology yekuFrance, ndiye aitungamira mukutsigira maonero aya.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 2:
Dzidziso yenjodzi yakasiyana sei nedzidziso yeuniformitarianism?
Kukurukurirana:
Dambudziko guru, raitungamirirwa naGeorges Cuvier, rakataura kuti hupenyu panyika hwakaumbwa nezviitiko zvinotyisa zvakaitika kwenguva pfupi, zvichikonzera kuparadzwa kwakapararira uye kupora kwakazotevera nemarudzi matsva ehupenyu. Dzidziso iyi yakasiyana neuniformitarianism, yakakurudzirwa naJames Hutton uye yakatsigirwa naCharles Lyell, iyo yaiti maitiro e geological ari kushanda nhasi, akadai sekukukurwa kwevhu nekubviswa kwevhu, akaitika nenzira imwechete munguva, zvishoma nezvishoma achiumba pamusoro pePasi.
3. Dzidziso yeKupatsanurana (Dzidziso yaLinnaeus)
Carl Linnaeus, nyanzvi yemiti uye chiremba wekuSweden, anozivikanwa nehurongwa hwake hwekupatsanura zvinhu zvebinomial, huchiri kushandiswa nanhasi. Kunyangwe basa rake rakawanda raive rekutarisa taxonomy, kana kupatsanura zvipenyu, Linnaeus aive nepfungwa yekuti marudzi akasikwa sezvaaive ari. Zvisinei, pakupera kwehupenyu hwake, akabvuma kuti marudzi anogona kuchinja zvishoma.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 3:
Sei Linnaeus akazotanga kugamuchira shanduko diki mumarudzi emhuka?
Kukurukurirana:
Pakutanga Linnaeus aitenda mukusachinja kwemarudzi, asi akatanga kuona kusiyana kwemarudzi kwakaonekwa panguva yekutsvagisa kwake kwemiti. Akaona kuti marudzi anogona kuchinja uye kusiyana, kunyanya nekuda kwekuchinjana nenzvimbo dzakasiyana. Izvi zvakaita kuti agamuchire mukana wekuchinja kudiki mumiganhu yemarudzi yaakatsanangura muhurongwa hwake hwekupatsanura, kunyangwe asina kutora maonero ekushanduka-shanduka kwakazara.
4. Dzidziso yekuchinja (Kuchinja kwaLamarck kusati kwaitwa)
Nyanzvi dzezvechisikigo dzakati wandei nemasayendisiti mukupera kwezana remakore rechi18 nekutanga kwezana remakore rechi19 dzakatanga kuumba pfungwa yekuti mhando dzezvisikwa hadzina kugadzika asi dzinogona kuchinja nekufamba kwenguva—pfungwa inozivikanwa sekuchinja kwezvinhu. Izvi zvaisanganisira Erasmus Darwin, sekuru vaCharles Darwin, avo, munhetembo yavo "Zoonomia," vakataura pfungwa yekuti hupenyu huri kuchinja.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 4:
Chii chakaitwa naErasmus Darwin papfungwa yekuchinja kwemarudzi?
Kukurukurirana:
Erasmus Darwin akataura kuti mhando dzemhuka dzinogona kuchinja nekushanduka-shanduka kuburikidza nenzira dzakafanana nedzakazozivikanwa sekusarudza kwechisikigo, kunyangwe pasina nzira yakanyatsojeka. Akanyora nezvekuchinjika, kubatana, uye kunyange kurwira kurarama, izvo zvakava hwaro hwedzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka. Basa rake rakapa mamwe emazano akakurudzira muzukuru wake, Charles Darwin, kuti agadzire dzidziso yake yekushanduka-shanduka.
Mhedziso
Kudzidza dzidziso dzekushanduka-shanduka kwezvisikwa dzisati dzatanga Darwin kunopa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pekuti kunzwisisa kwedu shanduko kwakachinja sei mumazana emakore. Kunyangwe dzidziso idzi dzisisagamuchirwi zvizere muchimiro chadzo chepakutanga, dzakaita basa rakakosha mukuumba nzira inotungamira kune zvakawanikwa naDarwin uye kunzwisisa kwedu kwekushanduka-shanduka kwemazuva ano. Kukurukurirana nezveLamarckism, njodzi, maonero aLinnaeus, uye pfungwa dzekutanga dzekuchinja-chinja zvinopa mufananidzo wakakwana wenhoroondo yesainzi uye kuti pfungwa itsva dzakaumbwa sei uye dzakaedzwa sei nekufamba kwenguva.
Nekunzwisisa nheyo idzi dzenhoroondo, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuomarara uye mafambiro esainzi, izvo zvinoramba zvichichinja sezvatinowana nzwisiso itsva pamusoro penyika yakatipoteredza.
