Mibvunzo Yemuenzaniso Pamusoro Pechimiro cheAtomu: Kufumura Nheyo dzeKemistri
Maumbirwo eatomu ipfungwa huru mukemikari iyo inokosha kunzwisisa. Atomu iyuniti diki pane chinhu chemakemikari chinoramba chiine hunhu hwechinhu ichocho. Kunzwisisa maumbirwo eatomu kunotibatsira kunzwisisa hunhu hwemuviri nemakemikari hwezvinhu. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura mienzaniso yakati wandei yezvinetso uye mhinduro dzazvo kuti tinzwisise zvakadzama maumbirwo eatomu.
Nhanganyaya yeAtomic Structure
Ruzivo rwemaumbirwo eatomu rwakatanga nemuenzaniso weatomu waDalton, uyo waiti maatomu ndiwo zvidimbu zvidiki zvisingagoni kupatsanurwa zvakanyanya. Zvisinei, sezvo sainzi yaifambira mberi, pfungwa iyi yakashanduka nedzidziso dzakadai semuenzaniso waJ.J. Thomson weraisin pudding, muenzaniso weatomu waRutherford, uye pakupedzisira muenzaniso wequantum mechanics wakakurudzirwa naSchrödinger naHeisenberg.
Zvikamu Zvikuru zveAtomu
Tisati tapinda mumatambudziko emuenzaniso, zvakakosha kunzwisisa zvikamu zvekutanga zveatomu:
1. Mapurotoni: Zvidimbu zvine chaji yakanaka zviri mukati memwoyo weatomu.
2. Manyutroni: Zvidimbu zvisina kusimba zviri munucleus yeatomu pamwe chete nemapurotoni.
3. Maerekitironi: Zvidimbu zvine chaji isina kunaka zvinofamba-famba munucleus mune mamwe ma orbitals.
Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso nekukurukurirana
Mubvunzo 1: Kuziva Nhamba yeMapurotoni, MaNeutron, uye Maerekitironi
Mubvunzo:
Atomu yekabhoni ine nhamba yeatomu 6 uye nhamba yehuremu 12. Sarudza huwandu hwemapurotoni, manyuturoni, uye maerekitironi ari muatomu.
Kukurukurirana:
Nhamba yeatomu inoratidza huwandu hwemapurotoni muatomu. Saka, kana tichitarisa kabhoni:
– Huwandu hwemapurotoni = 6
Sezvo atomu isina kwayakarerekera, huwandu hwemaerekitironi hunofanira kuenzana nehuwandu hwemapurotoni:
– Huwandu hwemaerekitironi = 6
Nhamba yehuremu ndiyo huwandu hwemapurotoni nemanyuturoni. Nokudaro,
– Nhamba yemanyuturoni = Nhamba yehuremu – Nhamba yemapurotoni = 12 – 6 = 6
Saka, atomu yekabhoni ine mapurotoni matanhatu, manyuturoni matanhatu, uye maerekitironi matanhatu.
Mubvunzo 2: Kugadziriswa kweElectron
Mubvunzo:
Nyora marongerwo eelektroni eatomu yeokisijeni ine nhamba yeatomu 8.
Kukurukurirana:
Magadzirirwo emaerekitironi anotsanangurwa zvichibva papfungwa yeAufbau, iyo inoti maerekitironi anozadza maorbitali zvichienderana nemazinga awo esimba akaderera kutanga. Kurongeka kwekuzadza maerekitironi muorbitali ndekwekuti:
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p
Nhamba yeatomu 8:
– Maerekitironi maviri ekutanga anozadza 1s -> 1s² orbital
– Maerekitironi maviri anotevera anozadza 2s orbital -> 2s²
– Maerekitironi mana ekupedzisira anozadza 2p orbital -> 2p⁴
Saka, magadzirirwo eerekitironi i1s² 2s² 2p⁴.
Mubvunzo 3: Isotopes uye Relative Atomic Mass
Mubvunzo:
Chlorine ine ma isotopes maviri makuru: Cl-35 neCl-37. Kana huwandu hwe isotope Cl-35 huri 75.77% uye Cl-37 iri 24.23%, verenga huwandu hweatomu hwe chlorine.
Kukurukurirana:
Huwandu hweatomu (Ar) hweklorini hunogona kuverengerwa uchishandisa huwandu hweavhareji yeisotope yega yega:
\[ Ar = (\text{Kuwanda kweIsotope 1} \times \text{Uremu hweIsotope 1}) + (\text{Kuwanda kweIsotope 2} \times \text{Uremu hweIsotope 2}) \]
Tsiva huwandu muchimiro chedesimali:
\[ Ar = (0.7577 \kawa 35) + (0.2423 \kawa 37) \]
\[ Ar = 26.5195 + 8.9651 \]
\[ Ar = 35.4846 \]
Saka, huwandu hwe chlorine muatomu hunosvika 35.48.
Mubvunzo 4: Kugadzika kweElectron muIons
Mubvunzo:
Nyora marongerwo eelektroni eiyoni yeAluminium (Al³⁺), ine nhamba yeatomu 13.
Kukurukurirana:
Magadzirirwo eelektroni eatomu yearuminiyamu (Al) ine nhamba yeatomu 13:
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p¹
MuAl³⁺ ion, kurasikirwa kwemaerekitironi matatu kunoitika kubva kuchikamu chekunze che orbital:
– Maerekitironi ari mu3p, maviri kubva pa3s.
Saka, magadzirirwo eerekitironi eAl³⁺ ndeekuti:
1s² 2s² 2p⁶
Mubvunzo 5: Maerekitironi eValence
Mubvunzo:
Mangani maerekitironi evalence ari muatomu yephosphorus (P) ine atomu nhamba 15?
Kukurukurirana:
Magadzirirwo e electron e phosphorus (P):
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p³
Maerekitironi eValence ndiwo maerekitironi ari mugoko rekunze:
– Muchiitiko ichi, pa 3s² 3p³.
Huwandu hwemaerekitironi evalence:
2 (ye3s) + 3 (ye3p) = 5
Saka, phosphorus ine maerekitironi mashanu evalence.
Mhedziso
Kunzwisisa maumbirwo eatomu kunosanganisira kuziva mhando dzakasiyana dzezvikamu zveatomu zvakaita semaprotoni, manyuturoni, nemaerekitironi uye marongerwo azvo mukati memaatomu. Nekudzidzira mibvunzo yakaita seiya yakakurukurwa, tinogona kuwedzera kunzwisisa kwedu pfungwa idzi dzakakosha. Maumbirwo eatomu haasi chete akakosha mukemistri, asiwo kiyi yekunzwisisa zviitiko zvakaoma zvikuru musainzi neinjiniya.
