Mienzaniso yeMibvunzo paKukurukurirana kweCytoplasm
Cytoplasm chinhu chakakosha mumasero, chinoshanda senzvimbo yekuchinja kwakasiyana-siyana kwemakemikari. Mubiology, kunyanya pakukurukura nezvemaumbirwo emasero uye mashandiro awo, cytoplasm inowanzova nyaya inonakidza uye inonetsa. Kuti vadzidzi vanzwisise uye vanzwisise pfungwa ye cytoplasm, heano mimwe mibvunzo yemuenzaniso uye tsananguro dzayo.
Tsanangudzo yeCytoplasm
Tisati tapinda mumibvunzo, zvinobatsira kutanga tanzwisisa kuti cytoplasm chii. Cytoplasm chikamu chesero chiri pakati pe membrane yesero ne nucleus. Ine cytosol, organelles, uye inclusions. Cytosol imvura yakaita se gel inopa nzira yekuti organelles yesero ishande. Cytoplasm inoita basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza chimiro chesero uye kupa nharaunda yekushandiswa kwemasero.
Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso nekukurukurirana
Mubvunzo 1: Chii chinonyanya kuita kuti cytoplasm ive mumasero eukaryotic neprokaryotic?
Kukurukurirana:
Cytoplasm inoshanda senzvimbo iyo mabasa ese emasero anoitika. Mumasero eukaryotic, cytoplasm inobatsira kuchengetedza chimiro chemasero kuburikidza necytoskeleton, network yemapuroteni fibers anobatsira kuchengetedza chimiro chemasero uye kufambisa organelles. Uyezve, cytoplasm inoita basa mukutakura mamorekuru nemasaini pakati pe organelles.
Mumasero eprokaryotic, asina nucleus yakatsanangurwa, cytoplasm inokomberedza nzvimbo yese iri mukati me membrane yesero, uko DNA ne ribosomes zvesero zvinopararira pasina miganhu yemaumbirwo. Basa guru re cytoplasm mumarudzi ese emasero rinosanganisira kuchengetedza makemikari anodiwa pamaitiro ese e biochemical uye kukura kwemasero.
Mubvunzo 2: Tsanangura basa re cytoplasm mukugadzirwa kwemapuroteni.
Kukurukurirana:
Kugadzira mapuroteni inzira inokosha inoitika mumasero, ese ari maviri eukaryotic neprokaryotic. Mu cytoplasm, ribosomes dzinoita basa rekushandura messenger RNA (mRNA) kuita cheni dzeamino acids dzinoumba mapuroteni. Mumasero eukaryotic, kunyangwe ribosomes dzichigona kuwanikwa mu rough endoplasmic reticulum, ma ribosomes mazhinji anowanikwawo akasununguka mu cytoplasm. Mu cytoplasm ndipo panosvika mRNA inogadzirwa kubva kuDNA transcription kuti ishandurwe kuita mapuroteni.
Pamusoro pezvo, cytoplasm ine tRNA (transfer RNA) inotakura maamino acids kuenda kuma ribosomes panguva yekugadzira mapuroteni, zvichiita kuti maamino acids aunganidzwe nemazvo zvichienderana nehurongwa hwakatarwa ne mRNA. Maitiro aya anoitika zvakanaka nekuda kwenzvimbo ye cytoplasmic, iyo inopa ma enzymes nezvimwe zvinhu zvinodiwa pakugadzira mapuroteni.
Mubvunzo 3: Cytosol inosangana sei nedzimwe nhengo dzemuviri dziri musero?
Kukurukurirana:
Cytosol inzvimbo inoyerera mukati me cytoplasm inopa nzvimbo yekudyidzana pakati pema organelle akasiyana-siyana ari musero. Kurongeka uku nekudyidzana kwakakosha pakuchengetedza homeostasis uye kuona kushanda zvakanaka kwemetabolism yemasero.
Semuenzaniso, mitochondria ine basa guru mukugadzirwa kweATP kuburikidza nekufema kwemasero. Mamorekuru akadai se pyruvate anopinda mu mitochondria kubva mu cytosol kuti awedzere kugadziriswa. Saizvozvowo, zvigadzirwa zvemagadzirirwo ekugadzira mu endoplasmic reticulum kana Golgi complex zvinogona kutakurwa kuenda ku cytosol kuti zviwedzere kuora kana kugadziriswa.
Pamusoro pezvo, cytosol inopawo nzira yekufambisa ma vesicles nezvinhu pakati pe organelles mu endomembrane system, kusanganisira kutakurwa kwemapuroteni kuti abudiswe mu cell, kana kutakurwa kuenda kunzvimbo dzakasiyana mukati me cell.
Mubvunzo 4: Tsanangura nzira dzekufambisa dziri mu cytoplasm.
Kukurukurirana:
Kutakurwa kwemasero mu cytoplasm kunosanganisira nzira dzakaoma kunzwisisa, dzinosanganisira kutakurwa kunoshanda nekusingashandiswi. Kutakurwa kusingashandiswi, kwakadai sekupararira kuri nyore uye kutakurwa kunobatsira, kunobvumira mamorekuru kufamba pasi pe gradient yehuwandu pasina kushandisa simba.
Kune rumwe rutivi, active transport inosanganisira kufamba kwemamorekuru achipesana ne concentration gradient, iyo inoda simba, kazhinji muchimiro cheATP. Mienzaniso yeiyi mechanism ipombi dzeion dziri mu cell membranes dzinobatsira kufamba kwemaion akadai seNa⁺ neK⁺, ayo akakosha pamabasa emasero akadai sekufambisa tsinga.
Pamusoro pezvo, cytoskeleton, kunyanya microfilaments uye microtubules, inoita basa rakakosha mukutakura cytoplasmic nekushanda se "njanji dzechitima" dzemapuroteni emota akadai sekinesin nedynein. Izvi zvinobatsira mukutakura vesicular uye kupararira kweorganelles mukati mesero.
Mubvunzo 5: Chii chinonzi inclusions mu cytoplasm, uye ipai muenzaniso?
Kukurukurirana:
Zvinhu zviri mu cytoplasm zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinowanzo chengetedzwa kwenguva pfupi, izvo zvinogona kusanganisira zvinovaka muviri, zvinogadzirwa ne metabolic, kana zvinhu zve phagocytic zvinoburitswa musero. Zvakasiyana ne organelles pakuti zvinhu zviri mu cytoplasm hazvisi zvimiro zvakasungwa ne membrane.
Mienzaniso yezvinosanganisirwa mumasero inosanganisira glycogen granules mumasero echiropa netsandanyama, izvo zvinopa simba nekukurumidza, madonhwe emafuta mumasero emafuta ekuchengetedza simba, uye pigments dzakadai semelanin mumasero eganda. Zvinosanganisirwa zvinogonawo kusanganisira makristaro ane makemikari asina kugadzirwa mumamwe masero emiti.
Mhedziso
Cytoplasm chikamu chakakosha chemasero chinoita basa rekuita mabasa akawanda. Kunzwisisa cytoplasm kwakakosha pakuziva biology yemasero, sezvo isingangoshandi senzvimbo yemaitiro akasiyana-siyana emakemikari asiwo inotsigira kudyidzana nekutaurirana pakati pemaorganelle akasiyana-siyana. Kukurukura mibvunzo iyi kunotarisirwa kupa ruzivo rwakawedzerwa uye kusimbisa kunzwisisa kwevadzidzi nezvebasa rakakosha re cytoplasm mukushanda kwemasero.
