Mibvunzo yeMienzaniso neKukurukurirana kweZvinhu zvePeriodic zveElements
Pendauluan
Chemistry inyaya yekudzidza nezvezvinhu nekuchinja kwazvinoita. Mukudzidza nezvekemikari, tafura yezvinhu zvinoumba zvinhu (periodic table) ndeimwe yezvishandiso zvinonyanya kushandiswa nemasayendisiti. Tafura iyi haingounganidzi zvinhu nenhamba yeatomu chete asiwo inoratidza zvinhu zvinogara zvichiitika, kana kuti zvinoumba nguva nenguva, pakati pazvo. Kunzwisisa hunhu hwezvinhu zvinoumba nguva nenguva kwakakosha pakufanotaura maitiro emakemikari uye hunhu hwepanyama hwezvinhu izvozvo. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura matambudziko akati wandei uye tichakurukura hunhu hwezvinhu zvinoumba nguva nenguva.
Zvinhu Zvinoumba Nguva Nenguva
Hunhu hwezvinhu zvinoonekwa panguva imwe chete zvinoreva hunhu hunodzokorora kana kuratidza mapatani akati wandei mutafura yezvinoonekwa nguva dzose. Zvimwe zvehunhu hwezvinhu zvinoonekwa nguva nenguva ndeizvi:
1. Atomu radius: Nhambwe kubva panucleus yeatomu kuenda kune elektroni yekunze. Atomu radius inowanzo kudzikira kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi muchikamu uye inowedzera kubva kumusoro kuenda pasi muboka.
2. Simba reIonization: Simba rinodiwa kubvisa erekitironi kubva muatomu isina kusimba. Simba reIonization rinowedzera kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi mukati menguva uye rinoderera kubva kumusoro kuenda pasi muboka.
3. Kubatana kweElectron: Kuchinja kwesimba kana atomu yawana electron. Kubatana kweElectron kunowanzova negative kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi mukati menguva.
4. Kusashanda zvakanaka kwemagetsi: Kugona kweatomu kukwezva maerekitironi maviri mukemikari. Kusashanda zvakanaka kwemagetsi kunowedzera kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi mukati menguva uye kunoderera kubva kumusoro kuenda pasi muboka.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 1: Atomic Radius
Mubvunzo:
Enzanisa maatomu eradii ezvinhu zvinotevera: Li (Lithium), Be (Beryllium), B (Boron).
Kukurukurirana:
Li, Be, naB zvese zviri muchikamu chimwe chete (chikamu chechipiri) chetafura yeperiodic. Patinofamba kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi tichiyambuka chikamu chimwe chete, simba renyukireya rinowedzera, izvo zvinokonzera kukwezva kukuru kwemaerekitironi ekunze, nokudaro zvichideredza radius yeatomu.
– Li (Lithium) ine radius yakakura kwazvo yeatomu yezvikamu zvitatu nekuti ine charge diki yenyukireya.
– Be (Beryllium) ine radius diki yeatomu pane Li nekuti charge yayo yenyukireya yakakura.
– B (Boron) ine dhayasi diki kwazvo remaatomu pakati pematatu aya nekuti ine simba guru renyukireya pakati paLi naBe.
Kurongeka kweatomu radii kubva pahukuru kusvika padiki ndekwekuti: Li > Be > B.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 2: Simba reIonization
Mubvunzo:
Sei simba rekutanga reMagnesium (Mg) reionization rakakura kupfuura reSodium (Na)?
Kukurukurirana:
Simba reIonization isimba rinodiwa kubvisa elektroni kubva muatomu muchikamu chegasi. Mg naNa zviri munguva imwe chete (nguva yechitatu).
– Sodium (Na) iri muboka rekutanga, nepo Magnesium (Mg) iri muboka rechipiri. Patinofamba kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi muchikamu, simba renyukireya rinowedzera, izvo zvinoita kuti maerekitironi akwezvwe zvakanyanya nenucleus, zvichiita kuti zviome kubvisa maerekitironi.
– Magnesium ine simba guru renyukireya kupfuura Sodium, iyo inokonzera chisungo chakasimba pakati penucleus nemaerekitironi ekunze, saka simba rinodiwa kubvisa maerekitironi kubva kuMg rakakura kupfuura kubva kuNa.
Saka, simba rekutanga reMagnesium reionization rakakura kupfuura reSodium.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 3: Kubatana kweElectron
Mubvunzo:
Enzanisa ma affinities emaerekitironi ezvinhu zvinotevera: Fluorine (F) uye Chlorine (Cl).
Kukurukurirana:
Kubatana kwemaerekitironi isimba rinoburitswa kana atomu isina kusimba muchikamu chegasi yawana erekitironi. Fluorine neklorini zviri muboka rechi17 (mahalogen), asi munguva dzakasiyana.
- Fluorine iri muchikamu chechipiri, nepo Chlorine iri muchikamu chechipiri.
– Kunyangwe Fluorine iri electronegative zvakanyanya, Chlorine's electron affinity haina kunaka (inoburitsa simba rakawanda) kupfuura Fluorine. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti simba rinodzongonyedza riri pakati pemaerekitironi ari muatomu yeFluorine rakakura nekuda kwenzvimbo yayo diki yemaatomu, nokudaro zvichideredza simba rinoburitswa kana electron yawedzerwa.
Saka, hukama hweChlorine nemaerekitironi hwakaipa kupfuura hweFluorine.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 4: Kusashanda zvakanaka kwemagetsi
Mubvunzo:
Sei simba remagetsi reokisijeni (O) rakakura kupfuura resarufa (S)?
Kukurukurirana:
Electronegativity inoyera kugona kweatomu kukwezva maerekitironi maviri mukemikari. Okisijeni nesarufa zviri muboka rechi16, asi okisijeni iri muchikamu chechipiri, nepo sarufa iri muchikamu chechitatu.
– Okisijeni ine nharaunda diki yeatomu kana tichienzanisa nesarufa.
– Nekuti oxygen radius idiki, maerekitironi ari mumakemikari bonds ari pedyo nenucleus, iyo ine kukwezva kwakasimba kana tichienzanisa nesarufa.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, okisijeni haina simba remagetsi kupfuura sarufa.
Mhedziso
Hunhu hwezvinhu zvinoonekwa panguva imwe chete ipfungwa huru mukemistri inotibatsira kunzwisisa nekufanotaura maitiro emakemikari ezvinhu. Tichishandisa mienzaniso iri pamusoro, tinogona kuona kuti hunhu hwakaita seatomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, uye electronegativity zvinotevedzera sei mapatani chaiwo ari mutafura yeperiodic. Kunzwisisa hunhu uhwu kunotibvumira kunzwisisa zviri nani kemikari nemashandisirwo ayo.
Kunzwisisa hunhu hwezvinhu zvinoonekwa panguva imwe chete kunotibvumira kufanotaura zviri nani maitiro emakemikari, kugadzira maitiro emakemikari, uye kugadzira zvinhu zvitsva uye makemikari anobatsira mumaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana uye munzvimbo dzekutsvagisa. Hunhu hwezvinhu zvinoonekwa panguva imwe chete ndihwo hwaro hwepfungwa dzakawanda dzepamusoro mukemistri uye nekudaro hwakakosha kuti chero mudzidzi kana muongorori ari muchikamu ichi anyatsogona.
