Musoro: Muenzaniso weMibvunzo yeKukurukurirana yeKufema kweMaseru
Pendauluan
Kufema kwemasero inzira yemakemikari inoitika mukati memasero echisikwa kuti igadzire simba muchimiro cheadenosine triphosphate (ATP). Maitiro aya akakosha kuti munhu ararame, sezvo ATP iriyo sosi huru yesimba inoshandiswa pamabasa akasiyana-siyana emasero. Kufema kwemasero kunosanganisira kutevedzana kwakaoma kwemakemikari neokisijeni semugamuchiri wemagetsi ekupedzisira, kazhinji kacho kwakakamurwa kuita matanho matatu makuru: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, uye electron transport chain. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura mimwe mienzaniso yezvinetso zvine chekuita nekufema kwemasero uye kupa mhinduro.
1. Mibvunzo neKukurukurirana nezve Glycolysis
Mubvunzo: Tsanangura matanho makuru ekuita glycolysis uye mhedzisiro yayo mukufema kwemasero.
Kukurukurirana: Glycolysis ndiyo nhanho yekutanga mukufema kwemasero uye inoitika mu cytoplasm yemasero. Ndiyo nzira iyo molekyuru imwe yeglucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) inopatsanurwa kuita mamorekuru maviri epyruvate (C₃H₄O₃). Glycolysis ine zvikamu zviviri zvikuru: chikamu chekudyara simba uye chikamu chekugadzira simba.
– Chikamu Chekudyara Simba: Glucose inoshandurwa kuita fructose-1,6-bisphosphate nekudyara kweATP mbiri.
– Chikamu Chekugadzira Simba: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate inokamurwa kuita mamorekuru maviri eglyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ayo anozoshandurwa kuita pyruvate, zvichigadzira ATP ina neNADH mbiri.
Kazhinji, glycolysis inogadzira mamorekuru maviri eATP (4 ATP inogadzirwa, asi maviri ATP anodzokororwazve) uye mamorekuru maviri eNADH pamorekuru imwe neimwe yeglucose.
2. Mibvunzo neKukurukurirana nezveKrebs Cycle
Mubvunzo: Chii chinogadzirwa kubva kuKrebs cycle kune molekyuru yega yega yeacetyl-CoA inounzwa?
Kukurukurirana: Kutenderera kweKrebs, kunozivikanwawo se citric acid cycle, kunoitika mu mitochondria. Morekuru yega yega ye acetyl-CoA inopinda mudenderedzwa inosangana nezviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogadzira:
- 3 mamorekuru eNADH
– Morekuru rimwe chete reFADH₂
– 1 molecule yeGTP kana ATP
– Mamorekuru maviri eCO₂ semarara.
Kutenderera uku kunoshanda kaviri pamorekuru yega yega yeglucose yakakamurwa, nekuti glycolysis inogadzira mamorekuru maviri epyruvate ayo anozoshandurwa kuita mamorekuru maviri eacetyl-CoA.
3. Mibvunzo neKukurukurirana pamusoro peChiteshi cheKutakura Maerekitironi
Mubvunzo: Sei okisijeni ichikosha muketani yekufambisa maerekitironi uye chii chinoguma chabuda muketani iyi?
Kukurukurirana: Cheni yekufambisa maerekitironi iri mukati memukati me mitochondria uye ine mapuroteni akawanda anotamisa maerekitironi kubva kuNADH neFADH₂ kuenda kuokisijeni kuburikidza neredox reactions dzakatevedzana.
Okisijeni ndiyo inogamuchira maerekitironi ekupedzisira mukuita uku, ichigadzira mvura kana ichisangana nemapurotoni (H⁺). Pasina okisijeni, maerekitironi haagone kupfuura nemuketani yekufambisa, zvichimisa kugadzirwa kweATP uye zvichikonzera kuunganidzwa kweNADH neFADH₂. Zvibereko zvekupedzisira zveketani yekufambisa maerekitironi ndeizvi:
– Mvura (H₂O), inoumbwa kana maerekitironi nemapurotoni zvakabatana neokisijeni.
– ATP yakawanda inogadzirwa kuburikidza nemaitiro anozivikanwa se oxidative phosphorylation. Zvakanaka, inenge 34 ATP inogadzirwa pamorekuru yeglucose iri mucheni iyi.
4. Mibvunzo neKukurukurirana zvine chekuita neKushanda Nesimba Zvakanaka
Mubvunzo: Enzanisa kushanda zvakanaka kwekufema kwemasero mumamiriro ezvinhu eaerobic uye anaerobic.
Kukurukurirana: Kufema nemhepo kunoshanda zvakanyanya mukugadzira ATP kupfuura kufema nemhepo isina mweya. Mumamiriro ezvinhu emhepo, molekyuru imwe chete yeglucose inogona kugadzira kusvika ku38 ATP, zvichitevera kutevedzana kwakazara kweglycolysis, kutenderera kweKrebs, uye cheni yekufambisa maerekitironi.
Kusiyana neizvi, mumamiriro ezvinhu asina mweya (pasina okisijeni), masero anogona kungoitwa glycolysis, iyo inoburitsa 2 ATP pamorekuru yeglucose. Kuviriswa, kunowanzo tevera glycolysis mumamiriro ezvinhu asina mweya, kunoshandura pyruvate kuita zvigadzirwa zvakaita se lactate kana ethanol asi hakubudisi imwe ATP. Kushanda zvakanaka kwekufema kusina mweya kwakaderera zvikuru nekuti huwandu hweATP hunogadzirwa hushoma.
5. Mibvunzo neKukurukurirana nezveMashandisirwo Ekufema Kwemasero
Mubvunzo: Tsanangura kuti kufema kwemasero kunogona sei kukanganiswa nekuvapo kwechepfu dzakadai se cyanide.
Kukurukurirana: Cyanide ichepfu inodzivisa kufema kwemasero nekusunga zvakasimba panzvimbo inoshanda ye enzyme cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) mu electron transport chain, zvichidzivirira kutamiswa kwema electron kuenda ku oxygen. Izvi zvinokonzera kuvharwa zvachose kwe electron transport chain, zvichidzivirira ATP kuti isagadzirwe zvinobudirira, zvichikonzera kushomeka kwesimba kumasero uye zvichida kutungamira kurufu rwemasero. Mhedzisiro iyi inokurumidza uye inouraya nekuti masero emuviri haagamuchire simba rinodiwa kuti ararame.
Mhedziso
Kufema kwemasero inzira inokosha inobvumira zvipenyu kushandisa simba rakachengetwa mumamorekuru eorganic. Kunzwisisa matanho ekufema kwemasero, zvigadzirwa zvinogadzirwa, uye zvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa maitiro aya inheyo yakakosha mubiology. Nekudzidza mienzaniso iyi yematambudziko nehurukuro, tinogona kuvaka kunzwisisa kuri nani kwekuti miviri yedu inogadzira sei uye inotarisira sei simba panguva yekushanda kwemasero. Maitiro aya akaomarara haangoone chete kushanda zvakanaka kwesimba remuviri asiwo ane basa mukugadzikana kwemetabolism uye kuchinjwa kwaro kune mamiriro akasiyana-siyana ezvakatipoteredza.
