Mienzaniso yeMibvunzo Inotsanangura Maitiro Ekutanga neEchipiri aEinstein
Albert Einstein, mumwe wevanhu vane simba guru mufizikisi, akaburitsa pfungwa mbiri dzakakosha mudzidziso yake yehukama, inozivikanwa sepfungwa dzekutanga nedzechipiri dzaEinstein. Pfungwa idzi dzakapikisa kunzwisisa kwakajairika kwenzvimbo nenguva uye dzakagadzira nzira yekuwana ruzivo rwechinjo mufizikisi. Muchinyorwa chino, tichanyatsoongorora pfungwa mbiri idzi uye tichapa mimwe mienzaniso yekutibatsira kunzwisisa pfungwa dzakabatana.
Chinzvimbo Chekutanga chaEinstein
Pfungwa yekutanga yaEinstein, inozivikanwawo sepfungwa yehukama, inoti mitemo yefizikisi yakafanana mumafuremu ese ekutarisa asina kusimba. Nemamwe mashoko, hapana furemu yekutarisa isina kusimba inosarudzwa pane imwe, uye zvese zvinoonekwa mumuviri zvinofanirwa kuramba zvakafanana kubva pane imwe furemu yekutarisa isina kusimba kuenda kune imwe. Iyi ipfungwa huru inoratidza kuti kufamba pakati pevacherechedzi hakukanganisi mitemo mikuru yechisikigo.
Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso nekukurukurirana
Mubvunzo 1: Zvitima zviviri, A naB, zviri kufamba nekumhanya kwakafanana kwe \(v_A = 30 m/s\) uye \(v_B = 40 m/s\) zvichiteerana munzira imwe chete. Mufambi ari muchitima A anokanda bhora nekumhanya kwe \(u = 20 m/s\) akananga kumberi kwechitima (kwakanangana nekufamba kwechitima). Verenga kumhanya kwebhora zvichienderana nemufambi akamira pachiteshi.
Kukurukurirana:
Kuti tizive kumhanya kwebhora zvichienderana nemucherechedzi ari pachiteshi, tinofanira kuwedzera kumhanya kwebhora pakumhanya kwechitima A. Sezvo kufamba kwese kuri muchikamu chimwe chete, tinogona kushandisa kuwedzera kwevector kuri nyore:
\[
v_{\text{ball, station}} = v_A + u = 30 \, m/s + 20 \, m/s = 50 \, m/s
\]
Saka, kumhanya kwebhora zvichienderana nemuoni ari pachiteshi i \(50 m/s\).
Mubvunzo 2: Mutyairi wendege ari mukati mechikepe chemuchadenga achifamba nekumhanya kwakafanana. Kana mutyairi wendege akabatidza mwenje, mutariri ari kunze kwechikepe chemuchadenga achaona kumhanya kwakasiyana kwechiedza pane mutyairi wendege ari mukati mechikepe chemuchadenga here?
Kukurukurirana:
Sekureva kwekutanga kwaEinstein, mitemo yefizikisi, kusanganisira kumhanya kwechiedza muvacuum, yakafanana mumafuremu ese einertial reference. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kumhanya kwechiedza hakuchinji uye hakutsamiri pakumhanya kwechinhu chiri kubva kana mucherechedzi. Nokudaro, vese mutyairi wemuchadenga ari mukati memuchadenga nemucherechedzi ari kunze kwemuchadenga vachaona kumhanya kwakafanana kwechiedza, kureva \(c \approx 3 \times 10^8 \, m/s\).
Chinzvimbo Chechipiri chaEinstein
Pfungwa yechipiri yaEinstein, inozivikanwawo sepfungwa yekusachinja-chinja kwekumhanya kwechiedza, inoti kumhanya kwechiedza muvacuum kwakafanana kune vese vanocherechedza, zvisinei nekufamba kwemunhu anoona kana kuti anoona. Pfungwa iyi inopikisa kunzwisisa kwekare kwekuti kumhanya kwechiedza kunofanira kusiyana zvichienderana nekumhanya kwemunhu anoona kana kuti anoona.
Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso nekukurukurirana
Mubvunzo 3: Mwaranzi wechiedza unoburitswa kubva parambi richifamba nekumhanya kwe \(v = 0.6c\) zvichienzaniswa nemucherechedzi asingamiri. Verenga kumhanya kwemwaranzi wechiedza zvichienderana nemucherechedzi asingamiri.
Kukurukurirana:
Sekureva kwechirevo chechipiri chaEinstein, kumhanya kwechiedza muvacuum hakuchinji uye kwakafanana kune vese vanocherechedza, zvisinei nekufamba kuri pakati pemucherechedzi nechiedza. Saka, kumhanya kwemwaranzi yechiedza maererano nemucherechedzi asingamiri ndeye \(c\), kureva:
\[
v_{\text{light}} = c \inenge 3 \kawa 10^8 \, m/s
\]
Mubvunzo 4: Zvikepe zviviri zvemuchadenga A naB zviri kufamba-famba zvichienda kune mumwe nemumwe nespeed \(0.5c\) uye \(0.7c\) zvichiteerana zvichienzaniswa nemucherechedzi ari paNyika. Chii chinonzi kumhanya kwezvikepe zvemuchadenga A zvichienderana nemucherechedzi ari pachikepe chemuchadenga B?
Kukurukurirana:
Muzviitiko zvakaita seizvi, tinofanira kushandisa shanduko dzinoenderana nezvinodiwa nemunhu kuti tione kuti chii chiri pakati pezvinhu zviviri zviri kufamba pedyo nekumhanya kwechiedza. Fomura yekumhanya kwezvinodiwa nemunhu pazvinhu zviviri zviri kusvika pedyo ndeiyi:
\[
u' = \frac{u + v}{1 + \frac{uv}{c^2}}
\]
Apo \(u = 0.5c\) iri kumhanya kwechinhu A kana tichienzanisa nePasi uye \(v = 0.7c\) iri kumhanya kwechinhu B kana tichienzanisa nePasi. Sezvo zvava kusvika, tinobatanidza izvi mufomura:
\[
u' = \frac{0.5c + 0.7c}{1 + \frac{(0.5c)(0.7c)}{c^2}} = \frac{1.2c}{1 + 0.35} = \frac{1.2c}{1.35} \inenge 0.89c
\]
Saka, kumhanya kwendege A maererano nemucherechedzi ari mundege B kunenge \(0.89c\).
Mhedziso
Pfungwa dzaEinstein dzekutanga nedzechipiri dzinopa ruzivo rwakakosha runotsigira dzidziso chaiyo yehukama. Pfungwa yekutanga inojekesa kuti mitemo yefizikisi haichinji mumafuremu ekutarisa asina simba, zvichipa kuenzana pakati pevacherechedzi vese vasina simba. Panguva imwe chete, pfungwa yechipiri inotaura kuti kumhanya kwechiedza hakuchinji, zvisinei nekufamba kwekwakabva kana mucherechedzi, zvichiputsa musimboti wekukurumidza kwechiedza mufizikisi yekare.
Kunzwisisa pfungwa idzi hakungokoshi chete pakudzidza fizikisi asiwo kunokanganisa mashandisirwo emazuva ano etekinoroji, akadai seGPS navigation systems, ayo anoda kugadziriswa kwerelativistic. Nezviitwa nemienzaniso, pfungwa idzi dzinogona kunzwisiswa zviri nyore uye kushandiswa mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana. Tinovimba kuti chinyorwa chino chakabatsira kujekesa misimboti yekutanga iri shure kwedzidziso yaEinstein yerelativity.
