Mienzaniso yeMibvunzo Inotaura NezveKugadziriswa kwePolymerization yeCondensation
Kugadziriswa kwemvura inonyungudika (condensation polymerization) imhando yemaitiro ekugadzirisa zvinhu (polymers) anogadzira mapolymers nekubatanidza mamonomers kuburikidza nekubviswa kwemamorekuru madiki, akadai semvura, methanol, kana HCl. Maitiro aya anoita basa rakakosha mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvepolymer zvinoshandiswa muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora mienzaniso uye tichakurukura nezvekugadzirisa kwemvura inonyungudika kuti tinzwisise pfungwa iyi zvakadzama.
Nhanganyaya yeCondensation Polymerization
Tisati tanyatsoongorora mibvunzo iyi, ngatinyatsoongororai nezve condensation polymerization. Condensation polymerization inzira yekuumbwa kwepolymer kuburikidza nekuita kwema monomers maviri kana anopfuura ane mapoka anoshanda, kazhinji nekubviswa kwemamorekuru madiki akadai semvura sechinhu chimwe chete. Polymer inobuda ine huremu hwakawanda hwemamorekuru kupfuura ma monomers. Mienzaniso yakajairika ye condensation polymerization kuumbwa kwema polyesters nema polyamides.
Mienzaniso yePolymers kubva kuCondensation Polymerization
1. Polyester: Yakagadzirwa kubva pakusangana kweterephthalic acid (benzene-dicarboxylate) ne ethylene glycol. Muenzaniso wechigadzirwa: PET (polyethylene terephthalate).
2. Polyamide (Nylon): Yakagadzirwa kubva pakusangana kweadipic acid nehexamethylene diamine. Muenzaniso wechigadzirwa: Nylon-66.
3. Polycarbonate: Yakagadzirwa kubva pakusangana kwebisphenol A nephosgene.
Mienzaniso yeMibvunzo Inotaura NezveKugadziriswa kwePolymerization yeCondensation
Pazasi pane mimwe mienzaniso yemibvunzo nehurukuro dzinogona kukubatsira kunzwisisa maitiro ekugadzirisa condensation polymerization.
Mubvunzo 1: Kugadzirwa kwePolyester
Mubvunzo: Tsanangura maitiro anoita polyester kubva ku ethylene glycol uye terephthalic acid. Dhirowa chimiro chepolymer inobuda uye verenga huwandu hwemamorekuru echikamu chidiki chepolymer.
Kukurukurirana:
Polyester inoumbwa kuburikidza nekuita kwemvura pakati pe ethylene glycol (CH₂OH-CH₂OH) uye terephthalic acid (C₆H₄(COOH)₂).
Maitiro aya ekuumbwa anogona kunyorwa seizvi:
\[ n \, (\text{CH}_2\text{OH-CH}_2\text{OH}) + n \, (\text{C}_6\text{H}_4(\text{COOH})_2) \rightarrow (\text{O}-\text{C}_6\text{H}_4-\text{COO}-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_2-\text{O})_n + 2n\, \text{H}_2\text{O} \]
Kuumbwa kwepolyester iyi kunogadzira mvura sechinhu chimwe chete. Kuti tizive chimiro chepolyester, tinofanira kutarisa chikamu chinodzokororwa cheketani yepolymer:
Maumbirwo ePET (Polyethylene Terephthalate):
\[
\text{-O-}\text{C}_6\text{H}_4\text{-COO-CH}_2\text{-CH}_2\text{-}
\]
Huwandu hwemamorekuru echikamu chidiki chepolyester hunogona kuverengerwa seizvi:
– Huremu hwemamorekuru e -CH₂-CH₂-O- (ethylene glycol isina H₂O): 60 g/mol
– Huremu hwemamorekuru hwe -COO- (boka reester): 44 g/mol
– Huremu hwemamorekuru eC₆H₄ (benzene isina H₂O): 76 g/mol
Huwandu hwemamorekuru ezvikamu zvidiki:
\[
60 + 44 + 76 = 180 \, \text{g/mol}
\]
Mubvunzo 2: Kuumbwa kwePolyamide (Nylon-6,6)
Mubvunzo: Tsanangura maitiro ekugadzira Nylon-6,6 kuburikidza ne condensation polymerization reaction ye adipic acid ne hexamethylene diamine. Isa chimiro cheyuniti yekutanga yeNylon-6,6 uye verenga huwandu hwemamorekuru eyuniti diki.
Kukurukurirana:
Nylon-6,6 inoumbwa kubva mukusangana kwemvura pakati peadipic acid (HOOC-(CH₂)₄-COOH) nehexamethylene diamine (H₂N-(CH₂)₆-NH₂).
Maitiro ekuumbwa ndeaya:
\[ n \, (\zvinyorwa{HOOC-(CH}_2\text{)}_4\text{ -COOH}) + n \, (\text{H}_2\text{N-(CH}_2\text{)}_6\text{ -NH}_2) \kurudyi (\zvinyorwa{-NH-(CH}_2\zvinyorwa{)}_6\zvinyorwa{-NH-CO-(CH}_2\zvinyorwa{)}_4\zvinyorwa{-CO-})_n + 2n \, \zvinyorwa{H}_2\zvinyorwa{O} \]
Maumbirwo eNylon-6,6:
\[
\text{-NH-(CH}_2\text{)}_6\text{-NH-CO-(CH}_2\text{)}_4\text{-CO-}
\]
Huremu hwemamorekuru hwechikamu chidiki:
– Huremu hwemamorekuru hwe -NH-(CH₂)₆-NH- (hexamethylene diamine minus H₂O): 114 g/mol
– Huremu hwemamorekuru hwe -CO-(CH₂)₄-CO- (adipic acid isina H₂O): 142 g/mol
Huwandu hwemamorekuru ezvikamu zvidiki:
\[
114 + 142 = 256 \, \text{g/mol}
\]
Mubvunzo 3: Polycarbonate
Mubvunzo: Kuita kwebisphenol A nephosgene kunoumba sei polycarbonate? Dhirowa chimiro chekutanga chepolycarbonate uye verenga huwandu hwemamorekuru echikamu chidiki.
Kukurukurirana:
Polycarbonate inoumbwa kuburikidza nekuita pakati pebisphenol A (C₁₅H₁₆O₂) uye phosgene (COCl₂).
Maitiro ekuumbwa anogona kunyorwa seizvi:
n + 2n \, \text{HCl} \]
Chimiro chikuru chePolycarbonate:
\[
\text{-O-CO-OC}_6\text{H}_4\text{C}(\text{CH}_3)_2\text{C}_6\text{H}_4\text{O}-
\]
Huremu hwemamorekuru hwechikamu chidiki:
– Huremu hwemamorekuru eC₆H₄-C(CH₃)₂-C₆H₄ (bisphenol A isina H₂O): 224 g/mol
– Huremu hwemamorekuru hwe -COO-: 28 g/mol
Huwandu hwemamorekuru ezvikamu zvidiki:
\[
224 + 28 = 252 \, \text{g/mol}
\]
Mhedziso
Muchinyorwa chino, takurukura nezvepfungwa ye condensation polymerization, tichitarisa maitiro ekutanga uye maumbirwo emamwe ma polymer anozivikanwa akagadzirwa nemaitiro aya. Nekupa mienzaniso nehurukuro, chinyorwa chino chinangwa chekujekesa mashandiro aya uye kuti tingaverenga sei huwandu hwemamorekuru ezvikamu zvidiki mucheni ye polymer. Kunzwisisa kwakanaka kwe condensation polymerization kwakakosha nekuti maitiro aya anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri kugadzira zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvine hunhu hwakasiyana uye mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana.
