Mibvunzo yeMienzaniso neKukurukurirana Uchishandisa Zvimisikidzo zveEquilibrium muKuverenga
Pendauluan
Chemistry inyaya yekudzidza nezvezvinhu uye shanduko dzinoitika muzvinhu izvozvo. Imwe pfungwa inokosha mukemistri ndeye chemical equilibrium, apo chemical reaction inosvika padanho apo mwero we forward reaction wakaenzana nemwero we reverse reaction. Mu chemical equilibrium, kuwanda kwe reactants nezvigadzirwa hakuchinji nekufamba kwenguva. Pfungwa iyi inotongwa ne equilibrium constant (K), iyo iri constant value patembiricha yakatarwa uye ine net ye concentrations yezvikamu mu reaction. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura mienzaniso nehurukuro uchishandisa equilibrium constant mukuverenga.
Kuenzana Kunogara, K
Chimiro che equilibrium chinowanzo ratidzwa mumhando mbiri huru, dzinoti Kc naKp. Kc chimiro che equilibrium chakavakirwa pahuwandu hwe molar, nepo Kp chimiro che equilibrium chakavakirwa pa part pressure yegasi.
Fomura yeKc:
Kuti zviitike:
\[ aA + bB \leftrightarrow cC + dD \]
Kuenzana kwakaenzana kwakavakirwa pahuwandu hwezvinhu kunopiwa ne:
\[ Kc = \frac{[C]^c[D]^d}{[A]^a[B]^b} \]
Fomura yeKp:
Nezve gasi rinoita serinobuda:
\[ aA(g) + bB(g) \leftrightarrow cC(g) + dD(g) \]
Kuenzana kwakaenzana kwakavakirwa pakumanikidzwa kwechikamu kunopiwa ne:
\[ Kp = \frac{(P_C)^c (P_D)^d}{(P_A)^a (P_B)^b} \]
Zvinozivikanwa kuti pakati peKp neKc pane hukama hunotevera:
\[ Kp = Kc (RT)^{\Delta n} \]
di mana:
– \( R \) ndiyo gasi risingaperi (0.0821 L atm K⁻¹ mol⁻¹),
– \( T \) ndiyo tembiricha iri muKelvin,
– \( \Delta n \) kuchinja kwehuwandu hwemamoles egasi (c+dab).
Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso nekukurukurirana
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 1: Kuverengwa kweKc
Mubvunzo: Patembiricha yakati, chiyero che equilibrium chemhinduro inotevera i4,0:
\[ 2NO_2 \leftrightarrow N_2O_4 \]
Kana pakuenzanisa, huwandu hwe \( [NO_2] \) huri 0,6 M, verenga huwandu hwe \( [N_2O_4] \) pakuenzanisa ikoko.
Kukurukurirana:
Zvinozivikanwa:
– \( Kc = 4,0 \)
– \( [NO_2] = 0,6 M \)
Nzira yekuenzanisa nguva dzose yeiyi mhinduro ndeiyi:
\[ Kc = \frac{[N_2O_4]}{[NO_2]^2} \]
Tsiva tsika dzinozivikanwa:
\[ 4,0 = \frac{[N_2O_4]}{(0,6)^2} \]
Saka:
\[ 4,0 = \frac{[N_2O_4]}{0,36} \]
\[ [N_2O_4] = 4,0 \kawa 0,36 \]
\[ [N_2O_4] = 1,44 \, M \]
Saka, huwandu hwe \( [N_2O_4] \) pakuenzana kwechiyero i1,44 M.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 2: Kushandura Kc kuita Kp
Mubvunzo: Zvichienderana nemhinduro:
\[ N_2(g) + 3H_2(g) \ruboshwe kurudyi 2NH_3(g) \]
Pa500 K, chiyero che equilibrium Kc i0,278. Verenga Kp kuti uone kuti chii chiri kuitika patembiricha iyoyo.
Kukurukurirana:
Hukama huripo pakati peKc neKp hunoratidzwa ne equation iyi:
\[ Kp = Kc (RT)^{\Delta n} \]
Zvinozivikanwa:
– \( Kc = 0,278 \)
– \( R = 0.0821 \, L atm K^{-1} mol^{-1} \)
– \( T = 500 \, K \)
– \( \Delta n = (2 – (1 + 3)) = -2 \)
Saka, kutsiva tsika:
\[ Kp = 0,278 \nguva (0.0821 \nguva 500)^{-2} \]
\[ Kp = 0.278 \nguva (41.05)^{-2} \]
\[ Kp = 0.278 \nguva (1 / 1683.0025) \]
\[ Kp = 0.278 \kawa 0.000594 \]
\[ Kp = 0.000165 \]
Saka, \( Kp \) yemhinduro pa500 K i0.000165.
Muenzaniso 3: Kushandisa Kp muKuverenga Kudzvanywa Kwechikamu
Mubvunzo: Kune zvinotevera zvinokonzerwa negasi:
\[ H_2(g) + I_2(g) \museve wekurudyi kuruboshwe 2HI(g) \]
Zvichienderana nekuti Kp pa450 K iri 50. Kana \( P_{H_2} = P_{I_2} = 0,2 \, atm \), verenga chikamu chekumanikidzwa kweHI pakuenzana.
Kukurukurirana:
Zvinozivikanwa:
– \( Kp = 50 \)
– \( P_{H_2} = 0,2 \, atm \)
– \( P_{I_2} = 0,2 \, atm \)
Nzira yekuenzanisa nguva dzose yeiyi mhinduro ndeiyi:
\[ Kp = \frac{(P_{HI})^2}{P_{H_2} \times P_{I_2}} \]
Tsiva tsika dzinozivikanwa:
\[ 50 = \frac{(P_{HI})^2}{0,2 \kawa 0,2} \]
\[ 50 = \frac{(P_{HI})^2}{0.04} \]
Saka:
\[ (P_{HI})^2 = 50 \kawa 0,04 \]
\[ (P_{HI})^2 = 2 \]
\[ P_{HI} = \sqrt{2} \]
\[ P_{HI} \inenge 1,414 \, atm \]
Saka, kumanikidzwa kwechikamu cheHI pakuenzana kwesimba kunenge 1,414 atm.
Mhedziso
Kunzwisisa pfungwa yezvirambidzo zve equilibrium uye kukwanisa kuzvishandisa mukuverenga makemikari kwakakosha kuvadzidzi vari kudzidza chemistry yepamusoro. Chinyorwa chino chinopa mienzaniso yakati wandei yezvinetso uye hurukuro yakazara yekushandiswa kwezvirambidzo zve equilibrium Kc neKp mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana. Kunzwisisa kwakasimba kwechinyorwa ichi kuchaita kuti zvive nyore kugadzirisa matambudziko anosanganisira maitiro e equilibrium chemical.
