Mienzaniso yeMibvunzo neKukurukurirana pamusoro peMacromolecules eOrganic
Mamorekuru eorganic mamorekuru akakura uye akaomarara anoita basa rakakosha mumabasa akasiyana-siyana ehupenyu. Mamorekuru eorganic anozivikanwa zvikuru anosanganisira makabhohaidhiretsi, mafuta, mapuroteni, uye nucleic acids. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura mimwe mienzaniso yezvinetso uye hurukuro yavo maererano nemamorekuru eorganic.
1. Makabhohaidhiretsi
Mubvunzo 1
Molekyuru yedisaccharide inoumbwa kubva ku glucose monosaccharides mbiri. Chii chinonzi relative molecular weight (Mr) yedisaccharide iyi kana relative molecular weight yeglucose iri 180?
Kukurukurirana 1
MaDisaccharides anoumbwa kuburikidza ne condensation reaction iyo inogadzira glycosidic bond uye water molecule. Kurema kwemamorekuru eglucose molecule imwe chete i180. Nokudaro, mamorekuru maviri eglucose achava nemorekuru ye:
\( 180 \, \text{u} + 180 \, \text{u} = 360 \, \text{u} \)
Zvisinei, mukuumbwa kwe disaccharide, molekyuru imwe yemvura (H₂O) ichaburitswa. Huremu hwemolekyuru yemvura i18 u.
Saka, huwandu hwehuremu hwemamorekuru (Mr) hwe disaccharide ndehwekuti:
\( 360 \, \text{u} – 18 \, \text{u} = 342 \, \text{u} \)
Izvi zvinoreva kuti huwandu hwemamorekuru (Mr) hwe disaccharide i342.
2. Mafuta
Mubvunzo 2
Mafuta ane basa mumuviri senzvimbo yesimba. Kana molecule imwe chete yetriglyceride ichiburitsa macalorie mapfumbamwe esimba pagiramu imwe neimwe, magiramu mashanu etriglyceride anoburitsa simba rakawanda sei?
Kukurukurirana 2
Simba rinogadzirwa negiramu imwe chete ye triglycerides i9 calories. Saka, simba rinogadzirwa ne5 grams ye triglycerides rinogona kuverengerwa nekuwedzera huwandu hwe triglycerides mumagiramu nesimba pagiramu imwe neimwe:
\[ \text{Energy} = 5 \, \text{gram} \times 9 \, \text{calories/gram} \]
\[ \text{Energy} = 45 \, \text{calories} \]
Saka, magiramu mashanu e triglycerides anoburitsa macalorie makumi mana nemashanu esimba.
3. Mapuroteni
Mubvunzo 3
Dudza uye tsanangura mazinga matatu echimiro cheprotein aripo chimiro chetatu chisati chasvika.
Kukurukurirana 3
Mapuroteni ane chimiro chakaoma kunzwisisa chinogona kutsanangurwa pamatanho akasiyana-siyana, anoti:
1. Chimiro Chekutanga
– Chimiro chikuru imutsara we amino acids uri mukati me polypeptide. Mutsetse uyu unosarudza zvakananga hunhu uye mashandiro eprotein inobuda.
– Muenzaniso: amino acid sequence methionine-serine-valine-alanine.
2. Chimiro Chechipiri
– Chimiro chechipiri inzira yakagadzikana uye yakajairika yekukombama kana kupeta cheni yepolypeptide. Mapatani aya anosanganisira maumbirwo akadai sealpha helices (α-helices) uye beta-fold sheets (β-sheets).
– Chimiro ichi chinosimbiswa nezvisungo zvehydrogen pakati pemaatomu ari mumusana wepolysaccharide.
3. Chimiro Chepamusoro
- Chimiro chepamusoro ndiko kupeta nekupeta kwecheni yepolypeptide iyo inoumba chimiro chakaoma chetatu-dimensional.
– Maumbirwo echikamu chechitatu chezvikamu zve ...
Kana chimiro chetatu chagadzirwa, mamwe mapuroteni anogonawo kuumba chimiro chequaternary apo macheni akawanda epolypeptide anobatana kuti agadzire chimiro chimwe chete chinoshanda.
4. Asidhi yeNyukireya
Mubvunzo 4
DNA inogona sei kugadzirisa kukuvara kunokonzerwa nechiedza cheUV uye basa rema enzymes mukuita uku nderei?
Kukurukurirana 4
Kukuvadzwa kweDNA kunokonzerwa nechiedza cheUV kunowanzo kukonzera kuumbwa kwe thymine dimers, izvo zvinova zvisungo zvisina kujairika pakati pemabhesi maviri e thymine ari pedyo muDNA strand. Maitiro aya ekugadzirisa kukuvara anonyanya kuitwa kuburikidza ne nucleotide excision repair (NER) mechanism.
Matanho ekugadzirisa DNA nekuda kwekukuvara kweUV ndeaya:
1. Kuona Kukuvara
- Ma enzymes akakosha ekuona anoona kukanganiswa kwechimiro cheDNA kunokonzerwa ne thymine dimers.
2. Kubvisa Kukuvadzwa
– MaEndonuclease anocheka zvikamu zveDNA zvakatenderedza nzvimbo yakakuvara, achibvisa zvikamu zvine thymine dimers.
3. Kugadziriswazve kweDNA
- DNA polymerase inozadza mukaha wakaumbwa uchishandisa tambo yekuwedzera se template yekugadzira chikamu chitsva cheDNA.
4. Mitambo yeLigi
– DNA ligase inobva yabatanidza zvidimbu zveDNA zvitsva zvakagadzirwa neDNA iripo, zvichidzorera kusimba kwechimiro cheDNA.
Maitiro aya anoita kuti ruzivo rwemajini rurambe rwakachena uye runogona kutapurirwa nemazvo panguva yekuberekana kwemasero.
5. Kuongororwa kweMacromolecules eOrganic
Mubvunzo 5
Bvunzo yemurabhoritari inoshandisa mhinduro yaBenedict kuyedza kuvapo kwekabhohaidhiretsi chaiyo. Izvi zvinoshanda sei, uye zvii zvingaonekwa kana kabhohaidhiretsi iripo?
Kukurukurirana 5
Mhinduro yaBenedict inoshandiswa kuyedza kuvapo kweshuga dzinoderedza, dzakadai seglucose nefructose. Kuderedza shuga kune boka re aldehyde kana ketone rinogona kuderedza ma ions emhangura (II) mumhinduro yaBenedict kuenda kuma ions emhangura (I). Kuita uku kunoita kuti ruvara ruve neshanduko inogona kuonekwa nemaziso.
Maitiro nemigumisiro inogona kuonekwa mubvunzo yeBenedict ndeiyi:
1. Kuwedzera Mhinduro yaBenedict
– Mhinduro yebhuruu yaBenedict inowedzerwa mumusanganiswa wemakabhohaidhiretsi uye musanganiswa wacho unodziiswa.
2. Kuchinja kweRuvara
– Kana shuga iri muropa iri muropa, mushonga wacho unochinja ruvara kubva pabhuruu kuenda pagirini, yero, orenji, kana kuti tsvuku, zvichienderana nehuwandu hweshuga iri muropa iri muropa.
– Ruvara rwegirini runoratidza huwandu hushoma hweshuga inoderedza.
– Ruvara rutsvuku rwezvidhinha runoratidza huwandu hwakawanda hweshuga inoderedza.
Maitiro aya anoita kuti munhu aone zviri nyore uye zvakananga kuderedza shuga mumienzaniso yemuviri.
Mhedziso
Mamorekuru eorganic akadai semakabhohaidhiretsi, mafuta, mapuroteni, uye nucleic acids anoita basa rakakosha muhurongwa hwehupenyu. Kunzwisisa chimiro chazvo, mashandiro azvo, uye maitiro ekuongorora nekugadzirisa kwakakosha muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvesainzi, kunyanya biology nebiochemistry. Mienzaniso nehurukuro dziri pamusoro apa zvinotarisirwa kupa kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemamorekuru eorganic uye mashandisirwo azvo muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
