Mibvunzo yeMienzaniso neKukurukurirana kweKukwirira kweMagadzirirwo eMamiriro eKubika
Pendauluan
Kukwidziridzwa kwenzvimbo yekufashaira chinhu chinoitika kana chinhu chinonyungudika chikawedzerwa kune chinonyungudika. Chiitiko ichi chinoreva kuwedzera kwenzvimbo yekufashaira yemushonga zvichienzaniswa nenzvimbo yekufashaira yechinhu chinonyungudika chakachena. Mukemikari, kunzwisisa kukwidziridzwa kwenzvimbo yekufashaira kwakakosha, kunyanya mumamiriro ekuita kwemakemikari, maitiro ekuparadzanisa, uye kuongororwa kwemishonga. Chinyorwa chino chinangwa ndechekupa mienzaniso yakasiyana-siyana yematambudziko nehurukuro dzine chekuita nepfungwa yekukwidziridzwa kwenzvimbo yekufashaira.
Dzidziso Yekutanga
Kukwidziridzwa kwenzvimbo yekufashaira (boiling point elevation) chiitiko umo nzvimbo yekufashaira yemushonga inenge yakakwira kupfuura nzvimbo yekufashaira yemushonga wakachena. Kana chinhu chinonyungudutsa (chisinganyungudike) chikawedzerwa kune chinonyungudutsa, kumanikidzwa kwemushonga wemushonga kunoderera. Nekuda kweizvozvo, tembiricha yakakwira inodiwa kuti pave nekumanikidzwa kwemushonga kwakafanana nekumanikidzwa kwekunze. Nokudaro, kudziya kwemushonga wemushonga kwakakwira.
Equation inoshandiswa kuverenga boiling point elevation ndeiyi:
\[ \Delta T_b = K_b \cdot m \]
Di mana:
– \(\Delta T_b\) = kukwira kwenzvimbo inofashaira,
– \(K_b\) = chinhu chinogara chichishandiswa pakugadzira ebulioscopic (chinosiyana pachinhu chimwe nechimwe chinonyungudutsa),
– \(m\) = molality yemushonga (mamoles emushonga pa kilogiramu yemushonga).
Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso nekukurukurirana
Ngatikurukurei mimwe mienzaniso yezvinetso kuti tinzwisise zviri nani pfungwa iyi.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 1
Mubvunzo: Chii chinonzi kufashaira kwemvura ine mamore maviri eglucose ((C_6H_{12}O_6\)) yakanyungudutswa mu 1 kg yemvura? Zvinozivikanwa kuti ebulioscopic constant yemvura (\(K_b\)) i0,512 °C·kg/mol.
Kukurukurirana:
1. Sarudza kuti mhinduro yacho inoyerera sei:
\[ m = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{kg solvent}} = \frac{2 \; \text{mol}}{1 \; \text{kg}} = 2 \; \text{m} \]
2. Verengai kukwira kwepombi inofashaira uchishandisa equation:
\[ \Delta T_b = K_b \cdot m \]
\[ \Delta T_b = 0.512 \; °C·kg/mol \times 2 \; m\]
\[ \Delta T_b = 1.024 °C \]
Saka, kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekufashaira kwemvura mumhinduro iyi i1.024 °C.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 2
Mubvunzo: Verengai kukwira kwepombi yekufashaira kuti muwane mhinduro ine 0,3 mol yeNaCl mu500 gramu yemvura (\(K_b\) mvura = 0.512 °C·kg/mol). Fungidzira kuti NaCl inopatsanurwa zvachose mumvura.
Kukurukurirana:
1. Sarudza kuti mhinduro yacho inoyerera sei:
\[ \text{Huremu hwe solvent mu kg} = 500 \; \text{g} = 0.5 \; \text{kg} \]
\[ m = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{kg solvent}} = \frac{0.3 \; \text{mol}}{0.5 \; \text{kg}} = 0.6 \; \text{m} \]
2. Sezvo NaCl ichipatsanuka kuita maion e \(Na^+\) uye \(Cl^-\) , huwandu hwese hwezvikamu hunowedzera kaviri huwandu hwemamorekuru eNaCl aripo.
\[ i = 2 \; (\text{van 't Hoff factor yeNaCl}) \]
3. Verengai kukwira kwepombi inofashaira uchishandisa equation:
\[ \Delta T_b = K_b \cdot m \cdot i \]
\[ \Delta T_b = 0.512 \; °C·kg/mol \times 0.6 \; m \times 2 \]
\[ \Delta T_b = 0.6144 °C \]
Saka, kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekufashaira kwemvura mumhinduro iyi i0.6144 °C.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 3
Mubvunzo: Kufashaira kwemvura kunowedzera sei kana 0.5 mol ye sucrose (\(C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}\)) ikanyungudutswa mu 1.5 kg yemvura? \(K_b\) yemvura = 0.512 °C·kg/mol.
Kukurukurirana:
1. Sarudza kuti mhinduro yacho inoyerera sei:
\[ m = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{kg solvent}} = \frac{0.5 \; \text{mole}}{1.5 \; \text{kg}} = \frac{0.5}{1.5} \; \text{m} = 0.333 \; \text{m} \]
2. Sezvo sucrose isingaparadzaniswi, van 't Hoff factor (\(i\)) i1.
3. Verengai kukwira kwepombi inofashaira uchishandisa equation:
\[ \Delta T_b = K_b \cdot m \]
\[ \Delta T_b = 0.512 \; °C·kg/mol \times 0.333 \; m\]
\[ \Delta T_b = 0.1705 °C \]
Saka, kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekufashaira kwemvura mumhinduro iyi i0.1705 °C.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 4
Mubvunzo: Mhinduro yakagadzirwa kubva ku0.25 mol yeurea (\(NH_2CONH_2\)) mumagiramu 2000 emvura inowana kukwirira mukufashaira. Verenga kukwirira mukufashaira. \(K_b\) yemvura i0.512 °C·kg/mol.
Kukurukurirana:
1. Sarudza kuti mhinduro yacho inoyerera sei:
\[ \text{Huremu hwe solvent mu kg} = 2000 \; \text{g} = 2 \; \text{kg} \]
\[ m = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{kg solvent}} = \frac{0.25 \; \text{mol}}{2 \; \text{kg}} = 0.125 \; \text{m} \]
2. Sezvo urea isingaparadzani mumvura, van 't Hoff factor (\(i\)) i1.
3. Verengai kukwira kwepombi inofashaira uchishandisa equation:
\[ \Delta T_b = K_b \cdot m \]
\[ \Delta T_b = 0.512 \; °C·kg/mol \times 0.125 \; m\]
\[ \Delta T_b = 0.064 \; °C\]
Saka, kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekufashaira kwemvura mumhinduro iyi i0.064 °C.
Mhedziso
Kukwidziridzwa kwenzvimbo yekufashaira ipfungwa yakakosha mukemistri inotsanangura kuti solute inokanganisa sei nzvimbo yekufashaira yemhinduro. Muenzaniso wedambudziko riri pamusoro apa unoratidza maitiro ekuverenga kukwidziridzwa kwenzvimbo yekufashaira uchishandisa pfungwa dzemolality uye van 't Hoff factor. Ruzivo urwu runobatsira mukushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana kwekemistri, kusanganisira kuongororwa kwerabhoritari uye kugadzirwa kwemishonga. Kunzwisisa chiitiko ichi kunopa nzwisiso yakadzama pamusoro pehunhu hwezvinhu zviri mumhinduro.
