Mienzaniso yeMibvunzo neKukurukurirana pamusoro peKusadzivirira Kushanda uye Kusashanda
Kusadzivirira muviri (immunity) ndiko kugona kwemuviri kurwisa nekubvisa utachiona kana maantigen ekunze. Kazhinji, masoja emuviri evanhu akakamurwa kuita mapoka maviri makuru: kusadzivirira muviri kwakagadzirwa (nonspecific) uye kusadzivirira muviri kwakagadzirwa (adaptive (specific). Kusadzivirira muviri kwakagadzirwa (adaptive immunity) kunogona kukamurwa kuita marudzi maviri: kusadzivirira muviri kwakagadzirwa (active immunity) uye kusadzivirira muviri kwakagadzirwa (passive immunity). Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura marudzi ese ekusadzivirira muviri, topa mienzaniso, uye tokurukura nezvawo kuti tinzwisise zvakadzama nyaya iyi.
Kusadzivirira Kushanda
Kudzivirira muviri kunoshanda (Active Immunity) inzira yekudzivirira muviri inowanikwa kana muviri ukatanga zvakananga kupindura kwemuviri kuchirwere. Izvi zvinosanganisira kugadzirwa kwema antibodies uye kushanda kwemasero eT. Kudzivirira muviri kunoshanda kunogona kuwanikwa nenzira mbiri:
1. Utachiona Hwechisikigo: Kana munhu abatwa nehutachiona, muviri unopindura nekugadzira masoja ekudzivirira chirwere kuti arwe nahwo. Muenzaniso wekare ndewekuti vanhu vanopora kubva muhuku havawanzobatwa nechirwere ichi zvakare.
2. Kubaiwa: Majekiseni anokurudzira masoja emuviri kuti agadzire masoja ekudzivirira chirwere asingakonzere chirwere. Semuenzaniso, mushonga wegwirikwiti unodzivirira nekuita kuti muviri ugadzire mhinduro yekudzivirira chirwere ichi kubva kuhutachiona hwegwirikwiti.
Kusadzivirira Kushanda
Kudzivirirwa kwemuviri kusingashande (passive immunity) kunowanikwa pasina chikonzero chekuburitsa mhinduro yemuviri. Muchiitiko ichi, muviri unogamuchira ma antibodies anogadzirwa kunze kwemuviri. Kudzivirirwa uku kunowanzova kwenguva pfupi nekuti muviri unoshaya masero ekurangarira ekugadzira ma antibodies mushure mekunge ma antibodies awanikwa apera.
Heano mimwe mienzaniso yekudzivirira muviri kusingashande:
1. Natural Passive Immunity: Izvi zvinoitika kana ma antibodies achiendeswa kubva kuna amai kuenda kumwana kuburikidza ne placenta panguva yekuzvitakura kana kuburikidza nemukaka wemuzamu mushure mekusununguka.
2. Artificial Passive Immunity: Izvi zvinoitwa kuburikidza nekubaiwa ma antibodies anogadzirwa kunze kwemuviri, sezvakaita kurapwa kwe immunoglobulin kune varwere vanobatwa nehutachiona hwakadai sehepatitis B.
Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso nekukurukurirana
Mubvunzo 1: Kusadzivirira Kushanda Kwemuviri
Mubvunzo: Mwana anowana mushonga weporiyo uye mushure mezvo anowana simba rekudzivirira chirwere cheporiyo. Tsanangura kuti mushonga wekudzivirira chirwere unopa sei mwana simba rekudzivirira chirwere.
Kukurukurirana:
Mushonga weporiyo une poriyovirus isina simba kana yakafa. Kana ikashandiswa, masoja emuviri emwana anoona zvikamu zvehutachiona semaantigen ekunze. Masoja emuviri anozopindura nekushandisa masero eB nemasero eT akanangana nehutachiona hweporiyovirus.
Masero eB anobva agadzira masoja ekudzivirira chirwere anosunga uye anobvisa simba reantigen. Uyezve, mamwe masero eB anokura kuita masero ekurangarira anogara mumuviri kwenguva yakareba. Kana mwana akatapukirwa nehutachiona hweporiyo mune ramangwana, masero aya ekurangarira anogona kukurumidza kumutsa mhinduro yakasimba uye chaiyo yekudzivirira muviri, achiparadza hutachiona husati hwakonzera chirwere.
Mubvunzo 2: Kusadzivirira Kushanda Kwemuviri
Mubvunzo: Tsanangura kuti sei vacheche vacheche vaine dziviriro yakakura kubva kuzvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana, uye kuti sei dziviriro iyi iri yenguva pfupi.
Kukurukurirana:
Vacheche vanogamuchira ma antibodies kubva kuna amai vavo kuburikidza ne placenta panguva yekuzvitakura. Ma antibodies aya anosanganisira immunoglobulin G (IgG), iyo inodzivirira kubva kuzvirwere zvakawanda. Mushure mekuzvarwa, vacheche vanowanawo mamwe ma antibodies kubva mumukaka wezamu muchimiro che immunoglobulin A (IgA).
Ma antibodies aya anopa dziviriro yekukurumidza asi kwenguva pfupi nekuti muviri wemwana hausati wagadzira kana kugadzira masero ekurangarira. Nekufamba kwenguva, ma antibodies eamai anodzikira, uye dziviriro isingashande inoderera. Nokudaro, kubaiwa majekiseni kunotanga pazera diki kuti pave nedziviriro inoshanda inogara kwenguva refu.
Mubvunzo 3: Kuenzanisa kweActive nePassive Immunity
Mubvunzo: Enzanisa zvakanakira nezvakaipa zvekudzivirirwa kwemuviri kunoshanda uye kusingashande.
Kukurukurirana:
Kusadzivirira Kushanda:
- Purofiti:
– Inogara kwenguva refu, dzimwe nguva hupenyu hwese (semuenzaniso, mushure mekubaiwa nhomba kana hutachiona hwechisikigo).
– Inogadzira masero ekurangarira ayo anorerutsa mhinduro nekukurumidza kana munhu akasangana nechirwere chimwe chete ichocho.
- Kurasikirwa:
– Zvinotora nguva (mazuva kusvika mavhiki) kuti dziviriro ivepo nekuti muviri unofanirwa kuvaka mhinduro yekudzivirira chirwere.
Kusadzivirira Kubatwa Nezvirwere:
- Purofiti:
– Inopa dziviriro nekukasika, izvo zvinonyanya kukosha mumamiriro ezvinhu enjodzi (semuenzaniso, kubatwa nehuturu hwenyoka kana kurumwa nemhuka ine ngura).
- Kurasikirwa:
– Dziviriro ndeyenguva pfupi, inowanzogara kwemavhiki kana mwedzi mishoma chete.
– Haigadziri masero ekurangarira, saka muviri haudzidzi "kuzvidzivirira" mune ramangwana.
Mubvunzo 4: Kushandiswa kwekiriniki
Mubvunzo: Kana paine dambudziko rehutano rakadai sekusangana nechirwere cherabies, sei murwere angawana mushonga werabies immunoglobulin pamwe nejekiseni rerabies?
Kukurukurirana:
Kana paine chirwere cherabies, nguva inokosha nekuti hutachiona hwerabies hunouraya zvikuru kana huchikonzera chirwere. Saka, nzira mbiri dzinotorwa:
1. Rabies Immunoglobulin (passive immunity): Iyi iantibody yerabies inopiwa kuti ibvise zvakananga chero hutachiona hungave huripo mumuviri. Iyi passive immunity inopa dziviriro nekukasika uku muviri uchigadzira system yawo yekudzivirira.
2. Mushonga weRabies (active immunity): Mushonga uyu unokurudzira muviri kuti uve nemuviri unodzivirira zvirwere nekuita kuti muviri ugadzire maantigen chaiwo ekurwisa hutachiona hweRabies. Mushonga uyu unowanzopihwa mumatanho akasiyana-siyana uye une chinangwa chekudzivirira kwenguva refu.
Kushandiswa kwezvose izvi kunovavarira kupa dziviriro yakakwana: dziviriro yekukurumidza kuburikidza nema immunoglobulins uye kugadziriswa kwenguva refu kuburikidza nekubaiwa nhomba.
Nekunyatsoongorora mienzaniso nehurukuro dziri pamusoro apa, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani mashandiro anoita dziviriro yemuviri inoshanda uye isingashande, uye kukosha kwerudzi rumwe nerumwe mukuchengetedza hutano nekudzivirira zvirwere. Dziviriro yemuviri inzira yakaoma, uye nzira inosarudzwa inowanzo gadziriswa zvichienderana nemamiriro ehutano aripo.
