Muenzaniso weMibvunzo yeKukurukurirana yeKuwedzera Nguva
Mufizikisi, pfungwa yekuwedzerwa kwenguva chiitiko chinonakidza uye chinonakidza mukati medzidziso yaAlbert Einstein yehukama. Dzidziso iyi inopa maonero matsva ekuti nzvimbo nenguva hazvisi zvinhu zvakakwana asi zvine hukama, zvinoenderana nekumhanya uye simba rinokwevera pasi. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora kuwedzera kwenguva zvakadzama uye kupa mienzaniso.
Nheyo dzeDzidziso Yakakosha yeKuwirirana
Dzidziso yakakosha yehukama inotaura kuti mitemo yefizikisi yakafanana kune vese vanocherechedza vachifamba mumutsara wakatwasuka vachimhanya nguva dzose maererano nemumwe nemumwe (inertial frames of reference). Chimwe chezvinoreva dzidziso iyi ndechekuti kumhanya kwechiedza mu vacuum hakuchinji uye hakutsamiri pakufamba kwechinhu kana mucherechedzi.
Chiitiko chekuwedzerwa kwenguva chinokonzerwa nepfungwa mbiri idzi. Chinotaura kuti nguva inofamba zvishoma nezvishoma kune chinhu chiri kufamba pedyo nekumhanya kwechiedza kana tichienzanisa nemuoni akamira.
Fomura Yekuwedzera Nguva
Fomura inoshandiswa kuverenga kuwedzera kwenguva ndeiyi inotevera:
\[ \Delta t' = \frac{\Delta t}{\sqrt{1 – \frac{v^2}{c^2}}} \]
Di mana:
– \(\Delta t'\) = nguva inoyerwa nemucherechedzi ari kufamba zvichienderana nechiitiko chiri kuyerwa.
– \(\Delta t\) = nguva inoyerwa nemucherechedzi asingamiri (nguva iri muhurongwa hwekusashanda).
– \(v\) = kumhanya kwechinhu chinofamba.
– \(c\) = kumhanya kwechiedza mu vacuum (\(3 \kawa 10^8\) mamita pasekondi).
Kuti tinzwisise pfungwa iyi zvakadzama, ngatitarisei mimwe mienzaniso yemibvunzo nehurukuro dzayo.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 1: Kuwedzerwa Kwenguva Pachikepe Chemuchadenga
Mubvunzo:
Chikepe chemuchadenga chiri kufamba ne 0.8c (80% yekumhanya kwechiedza) kana tichienzanisa nePasi. Zvinotora nguva yakareba sei kuti mutyairi wemuchadenga ari muchikepe chemuchadenga aone awa imwe chete yenguva yePasi?
Kukurukurirana:
Zvinozivikanwa:
– \(v = 0.8c\)
– \(\Delta t = 1\) maawa (nguva yepasi)
Kuti tiwane \(\Delta t'\) (nguva yakaonekwa nemutyairi wemuchadenga ari mundege), tinoshandisa fomura yekuwedzerwa kwenguva:
\[ \Delta t' = \frac{\Delta t}{\sqrt{1 – \frac{v^2}{c^2}}} \]
Tsiva tsika dzinozivikanwa:
\[ \Delta t' = \frac{1 \text{ hour}}{\sqrt{1 – (0.8)^2}} \]
\[ \Delta t' = \frac{1 \text{ awa}}{\sqrt{1 – 0.64}} \]
\[ \Delta t' = \frac{1 \text{ awa}}{\sqrt{0.36}} \]
\[ \Delta t' = \frac{1 \text{ awa}}{0.6} \]
\[ \Delta t' = \frac{1 \text{ hours}}{0.6} \inenge 1.67 \text{ hours} \]
Saka, nguva inodiwa nemutyairi wendege ari mundege kuti aone awa imwe chete yenguva yePasi inenge maawa 1.67.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 2: Mhedzisiro Yekukurumidza Pakuwedzera Nguva
Mubvunzo:
Kana nguva inoyerwa nemucherechedzi ari paNyika (inertial system time) iri makore maviri, uye chikepe chemuchadenga chiri kufamba ne90% yekumhanya kwechiedza, inguvai inoyerwa nemutasvi ari muchikepe chemuchadenga?
Kukurukurirana:
Zvinozivikanwa:
– \(v = 0.9c\)
– \(\Delta t = 2\) makore
Kuti tiwane \(\Delta t'\) (nguva inoonekwa nemutasvi ari mundege), tinoshandisa fomura yekuwedzera nguva:
\[ \Delta t' = \frac{\Delta t}{\sqrt{1 – \frac{v^2}{c^2}}} \]
Tsiva tsika dzinozivikanwa:
\[ \Delta t' = \frac{2 \text{years}}{\sqrt{1 – (0.9)^2}} \]
\[ \Delta t' = \frac{2 \text{years}}{\sqrt{1 – 0.81}} \]
\[ \Delta t' = \frac{2 \text{years}}{\sqrt{0.19}} \]
\[ \Delta t' = \frac{2 \text{years}}{0.4359} \]
\[ \Delta t' \anenge 4.59 \mashoko{ makore} \]
Saka, nguva inoyerwa nevafambi vari muchikepe chemuchadenga inenge makore 4.59.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 3: Nguva Yekuona Kugadzikana Kurefu
Mubvunzo:
Kanhu kari kufamba nekumhanya kwe0.6c kana tichienzanisa nerabhoritari. Mucherechedzi ari murabhoritari anoyera hafu yehupenyu hwekanhu kacho sema microsecond maviri. Ndeipi hafu yehupenyu hwekanhu kacho inoyerwa nekanhu kacho?
Kukurukurirana:
Zvinozivikanwa:
– \(v = 0.6c\)
– \(\Delta t = 2\) ma microseconds
Kuti uwane \(\Delta t'\), shandisa fomura iyi:
\[ \Delta t' = \frac{\Delta t}{\sqrt{1 – \frac{v^2}{c^2}}} \]
Tsiva tsika dzinozivikanwa:
\[ \Delta t' = \frac{2 \text{ microseconds}}{\sqrt{1 – (0.6)^2}} \]
\[ \Delta t' = \frac{2 \text{ microseconds}}{\sqrt{1 – 0.36}} \]
\[ \Delta t' = \frac{2 \text{ microseconds}}{\sqrt{0.64}} \]
\[ \Delta t' = \frac{2 \text{ microseconds}}{0.8} \]
\[ \Delta t' = 2.5 \text{ microseconds} \]
Saka, hafu yehupenyu hwechikamu chezvikamu i2.5 microseconds.
Kuongorora uye Mhedziso
Kubva mumienzaniso iri pamusoro apa, tinogona kuona kuti kuwedzera nguva kunoita basa guru pakunzwisisa kuti nguva haisi chinhu chisingachinji zvachose. Vacherechedzi vari mumamiriro akasiyana ekusagadzikana vanogona kuva nenguva dzakasiyana dzekuongorora chiitiko chimwe chete.
Kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwekuwedzerwa kwenguva kunovhura mukana wezvinhu zvakawanda zvetekinoroji, kusanganisira mumasetiraiti eGPS, ayo anoda kugadziriswa kwerelativistic kuti ashande nemazvo. Uyezve, pfungwa iyi inoedza pfungwa dzedu kuti dzinzwisise zvakasikwa uye chokwadi kubva pamaonero akapfuma uye akaomarara.
Saka, kuwedzera nguva hakusi kungori pfungwa yedzidziso chete asiwo kune mashandisirwo akawanda mukuvandudza tekinoroji neruzivo rwesainzi nezvezvinhu zvose zvakatikomberedza. Kunzwisisa misimboti iyi idanho rakakosha murwendo rwedu rwekuziva matekinoroji emangwana uye kupindura mibvunzo inokosha nezvehunhu hwenzvimbo nenguva.
