Mienzaniso yeMibvunzo Inokurukura Zvisungo zveMakemikari zveBasic
Pendauluan
Chisungo chemakemikari isimba rinosunga maatomu pamwe chete mumorekuru kana compound. Kunzwisisa hwaro hwekubatana kwemakemikari kwakakosha kune vadzidzi vekemesitiri nekuti ndiko kunoita kuti vanzwisise maitiro emakemikari, chimiro chemamorekuru, uye hunhu hwezvinhu. Zvisungo zvemakemikari zvinogona kukamurwa kuita mhando huru dzakasiyana: zvisungo zvecovalent, zvisungo zveionic, zvisungo zvesimbi, uye masimba evan der Waals. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura matambudziko akati wandei nemhinduro dzawo kuti tibatsire kujekesa pfungwa huru dzekubatana kwemakemikari.
Zvisungo zveIonic
Zvisungo zveIonic zvinoitika kana maerekitironi achitamiswa kubva paatomu imwe kuenda kune imwe, zvichikonzera kuumbwa kwemaion akanaka (cations) nemaion asina kunaka (anions). Muenzaniso wakajairika ibond iri pakati pesodium (Na) nechlorine (Cl) musodium chloride (NaCl).
Mubvunzo 1:
Rondedzera maitiro ekugadzirwa kweionic bond pakati pemagnesium (Mg) neoxygen (O).
Kukurukurirana:
1. Magnesium ine marongerwo emaerekitironi e[Ne] 3s², nepo okisijeni ine marongerwo emaerekitironi e[He] 2s² 2p⁴.
2. Magnesium ichaburitsa maerekitironi maviri kubva mugoko rayo re3s² valence kuti iwane gadziriro yakagadzikana yeerekitironi [Ne].
3. Okisijeni inogamuchira maerekitironi maviri kuti azadze 2p⁴ orbital kusvika 2p⁶, zvichiita kuti maerekitironi agare akasimba se neon (Ne).
4. Mushure mekuburitsa maerekitironi maviri, magnesium inova Mg²⁺ ion, uye mushure mekugamuchira maerekitironi maviri, oxygen inova O²⁻ ion.
5. Machaji akasiyana ari pakati peMg²⁺ neO²⁻ anokwezvana, zvichigadzira chisungo cheionic MgO.
Zvisungo zveCovalent
Chisungo checovalent chinoitika kana maatomu maviri akagovana maerekitironi maviri. Chisungo checovalent chinogona kunge chisina polar kana maerekitironi maviri akagovaniswa zvakaenzana kana kuti polar kana maerekitironi maviri akagovaniswa zvisina kuenzana.
Mubvunzo 2:
Rondedzera kuumbwa kwezvisungo zve covalent mumorekuru yemvura (H₂O).
Kukurukurirana:
1. Atomu yeokisijeni ine maerekitironi matanhatu mugoko rayo rekunze (magadzirirwo [He] 2s² 2p⁴) uye inoda mamwe maerekitironi maviri kuti isvike pa octet.
2. Atomu yega yega yehydrogen ine erekitironi imwe chete mugoko rekunze (1s¹ configuration) uye inoda erekitironi imwe chete kuti iite duplet.
3. Okisijeni ichagovana rimwe remaerekitironi ayo neatomu rega rega rehydrogen, ukuwo maatomu ehydrogen rimwe nerimwe richizopa erekitironi.
4. Izvi zvinoguma nezvisungo zviviri zve covalent pakati peokisijeni nemahydrogen maviri, zvichigadzira molekyuru yeH₂O ine chimiro cheLewis cheHOH.
Zvisungo zveSimbi
Kubatana kwesimbi kunoitika musimbi, uko kune "gungwa" remaerekitironi akabviswa munzvimbo anofamba zvakasununguka pakati pemaayoni esimbi. Izvi zvinoita kuti simbi dzive nemagetsi akanaka uye kupisa.
Mubvunzo 3:
Tsanangura kuti sei simbi dzakadai semhangura (Cu) dzichigona kufambisa magetsi zvakanaka.
Kukurukurirana:
1. Muchimiro chesimbi, maatomu emhangura akakomberedzwa negore remaerekitironi rakabviswa munzvimbo.
2. Maerekitironi aya haana kusungirirwa kune chero atomu uye anogona kufamba zvakasununguka muchimiro chesimbi.
3. Kana simba remagetsi rikashanda, maerekitironi aya anogona kufamba pamwe chete akananga kune rimwe divi, zvichibvumira magetsi kuti afambe.
4. Saka, maerekitironi aya akasununguka kana kuti delocalization zvinoita kuti mhangura nedzimwe simbi dzikwanise kufambisa magetsi zvakanaka.
Van der Waals force
Masimba eVan der Waals masimba asina simba anomuka nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwekugoverwa kwemaerekitironi mukati kana pakati pemamorekuru. Kune mhando mbiri huru: masimba eLondon (kupararira) uye masimba edipole-dipole.
Mubvunzo 4:
Tsanangura basa reVan der Waals forces muzvikamu zvemvura uye zvakasimba zvebenzene (C₆H₆).
Kukurukurirana:
1. Mamorekuru eBenzene mamorekuru asiri epolar nekuti akafanana, saka masimba eLondon (kupararira) ndiwo masimba makuru eVan der Waals.
2. Mauto eLondon anomuka nekuda kwekudyidzana pakati pema dipoles epakarepo anoumbwa nekuchinja-chinja kwekugoverwa kwemaerekitironi mumorekuru yebenzene.
3. Kunyange hazvo masimba aya asina simba kana tichienzanisa ne covalent kana ionic bonds, muhuwandu hwakawanda, masimba eLondon anogona kukanganisa hunhu hwemamorekuru.
pazvikamu zvakasimba uye zvemvura.
4. Muchikamu chemvura, masimba eVan der Waals anobata mamorekuru pamwe chete kunyangwe kufamba kwemamorekuru kuchiri kwakakwira.
5. Muchikamu chakasimba, masimba aya anobatsira kuchengetedza kurongeka kwemamorekuru kwakarongeka.
Mibvunzo Yekuwedzera uye Hurukuro
Mubvunzo 5:
Tsanangura kuumbwa kwepolar covalent bonds mu carbon dioxide (CO₂) molecule uye kuti nei molecule iyi isiri polar.
Kukurukurirana:
1. Kabhoni ine maerekitironi mana evalence, nepo okisijeni ine maerekitironi matanhatu evalence.
2. Kuti uwane chimiro che octet, kabhoni inoda maerekitironi maviri uye okisijeni inoda maerekitironi maviri rimwe nerimwe.
3. Kabhoni inoumba zvisungo zviviri zve covalent zvine maatomu maviri eokisijeni kumativi ese (chimiro O=C=O).
4. Chisungo chimwe nechimwe che covalent chinosanganisira kugoverana kwemaerekitironi maviri pakati pekabhoni neokisijeni.
5. Kunyange zvazvo C=O bond yega yega iri polar (oxygen ine electronegative inokwezva maerekitironi zvakanyanya), mapolarities aya akafanana uye anodzimana murongerwo we CO₂ molecule, zvekuti molecule yese haina polar.
Mubvunzo 6:
Sei molecule yeammonia (NH₃) ine kona yebond diki pane tetrahedron yakakodzera?
Kukurukurirana:
1. Nitrogen iri muammonia ine maerekitironi mashanu evalence (configuration [He] 2s² 2p³) uye inoda mamwe maerekitironi matatu kuti isvike pa octet.
2. Nitrogen inoumba ma covalent bonds matatu nemaatomu matatu ehydrogen, zvichisiya maerekitironi maviri chete panitrogen.
3. Tetrahedron yakanaka ine kona yebond ye109.5°, asi nekuti lone pair inoda nzvimbo yakawanda uye inosundira HNH bond pedyo ne107°.
4. Kudzora simba kwemaerekitironi maviri ega kunoderedza kona yebond kana tichienzanisa nekona yetetrahedral yakakodzera.
Mubvunzo 7:
Sei NaCl ichinyungudika mumvura asi I₂ isinganyungudike?
Kukurukurirana:
1. NaCl imusanganiswa weionic une maNa⁺ neCl⁻ ions. Mvura imusanganiswa wepolar unogona kuparadzanisa maion aya kuburikidza nekudyidzana kweion-dipole.
2. Kana NaCl yanyungudika, maNa⁺ neCl⁻ ions akakomberedzwa nemamorekuru emvura anozvironga kuti agadzirise kushaikwa kwemaion.
3. I₂ imorekuru isiri polar saka hainyungudike zvakanaka mu polar solvents dzakadai semvura asi inonyungudika zviri nani mu non-polar solvents zvichienderana nepfungwa yekuti "kunyungudika kwakaita sekunge".
Penutup
Kunzwisisa zvinhu zvekutanga zvekubatanidza makemikari kuburikidza nekugadzirisa matambudziko inzira inoshanda yekusimbisa pfungwa dzakambodzidzwa. Pamusoro apa, takurukura nezvemhando dzakasiyana dzezvisungo zvemakemikari uye tapa mienzaniso inosanganisira masimba eionic, covalent, metallic, uye van der Waals. Nekushanda nekunzwisisa matambudziko aya, unotarisira kuti uchawana kunzwisisa kuri nani kwekubatanidza makemikari uye mashandisirwo ayo mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana.
