Mibvunzo Yemuenzaniso Inotsanangura Zvinokonzera Zvisikwa Zvinokosha ZveOrganic Nezvazvinobatsira
Pendauluan
Makemikoro eorganic chinhu chakakosha mumakemikari ehupenyu. Makemikoro aya anowanzo kuve nekabhoni muchimiro chawo chemamorekuru uye anoita mabasa akakosha mumaitiro akasiyana-siyana ehupenyu. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura makemikoro akakosha eorganic, pamwe nematambudziko emuenzaniso nehurukuro kuti tinzwisise zviri nani mabhenefiti awo.
Makomputa Akakosha Eorganic
1. Makabhohaidhiretsi
Tsanangudzo uye Basa
Makabhohaidhiretsi zvinhu zvakasikwa zvine kabhoni, hydrogen, uye okisijeni, zvinowanzova nechikamu che2:1. Zvinoshanda sesimba guru remuviri. Mienzaniso yemakabhohaidhiretsi inosanganisira glucose, fructose, uye sucrose.
Muenzaniso wezvinetso
Mubvunzo:
Verenga huwandu hweATP hunogadzirwa kubva mukushandiswa kweglucose molecule imwe chete kuburikidza nekufema kwakazara kwemasero.
Kukurukurirana:
Kufema kwemasero kunosanganisira:
– Glycolysis: inogadzira 2 ATP.
– Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): molekyuru yega yega yeglucose inoburitsa 2 ATP kuburikidza nematanho maviri.
– Electron Transport Chain uye Oxidative Phosphorylation: inogadzira ATP inosvika 34.
Kugadzirwa kwese kweATP kubva kune imwe molekyuru yeglucose ndekwekuti:
2 (Glycolysis) + 2 (Krebs Cycle) + 34 (Electron Transport Chain) = 38 ATP.
Zvisinei, nekuti maitiro ekutakura NADH kubva ku cytoplasm kuenda ku mitochondria anoda simba, kazhinji kacho 36 ATP chete ndiyo inogadzirwa kubva kumorekuru imwe chete yeglucose.
2. Mafuta
Tsanangudzo uye Basa
Mafuta anosanganisira mafuta, mafuta, phospholipid, uye steroid. Anoshanda senzvimbo dzinochengetedza simba, zvikamu zvemukati memasero, uye zviratidzo zvemahormone.
Muenzaniso wezvinetso
Mubvunzo:
Simba rakawanda sei rinoburitswa kubva mukuoxidation kwemorekuru imwe ye stearic acid (C18H36O2) mukufema kwemasero?
Kukurukurirana:
Mafuta anogadzira simba rakawanda kupfuura makabhohaidhiretsi. Semuenzaniso, oxidation yemorekuru imwe yestearic acid kuburikidza ne β-oxidation uye Krebs cycle inogadzira huwandu hwakawanda hweATP:
– Morekuru imwe neimwe ye stearic acid inoburitsa mamorekuru mapfumbamwe e acetyl-CoA.
– Acetyl-CoA yega yega inogadzira ATP gumi muKrebs cycle.
– Huwandu hweATP hunobva mukuoxidation yakakwana yestearic acid hunosvika 120 ATP.
3. Mapuroteni
Tsanangudzo uye Basa
Mapuroteni anoumbwa nemaamino acids anoshanda muzvinhu zvese zvehupenyu. Anoshanda sema enzymes, mahormone, uye maumbirwo emasero. Mienzaniso inosanganisira enzyme amylase uye hormone insulin.
Muenzaniso wezvinetso
Mubvunzo:
Dudza uye tsanangura basa rema enzymes mukugadzirwa kwemapuroteni.
Kukurukurirana:
– RNA Polymerase: Iyi enzyme inogadzira mRNA kubva mutemplate yeDNA panguva yekunyorwa kwechinyorwa.
– Ribosomes: Aya mapuroteni-RNA complexes ndiwo nzvimbo dzinoshandurwa mRNA kuita cheni dzepolypeptide.
– tRNA Synthetase: Iyi enzyme inokonzeresa kubatana kwemaamino acids kune tRNA yakakodzera.
– Peptidyl Transferase: Chikamu cheribosome chinokurudzira kuumbwa kwezvisungo zvepeptide pakati peamino acids panguva yekushandurwa.
4. Manyukireotidhi
Tsanangudzo uye Basa
Manucleotide ndiwo mamonomer anoumba nucleic acids (DNA neRNA). Akakosha pakuchengetedza nekutumira ruzivo rwemajini uye kupa simba (semuenzaniso, ATP).
Muenzaniso wezvinetso
Mubvunzo:
Tsanangura maitiro ekudzokororwa kweDNA mumasero eprokaryotic.
Kukurukurirana:
Kudzokorora DNA inzira yekukopa DNA kuita mamorekuru maviri akafanana.
1. Kusununguka (Kuvhurwa kweHelix): Enzayimu yehelicase inopwanya zvisungo zvehydrogen pakati pemanucleotide, ichiparadzanisa tambo mbiri dzeDNA.
2. Kugadzira RNA (Primary Synthesis): Ma RNA primer anogadzirwa ne primase.
3. Kugadzira DNA (Kugadzira DNA): DNA polymerase inowedzera nucleotides itsva kuDNA template zvichienderana nekubatanidzwa kwayo kwebase.
4. Kusunga uye Kugadzirisa: Iyo ligase enzyme inobatanidza zvidimbu zveOkazaki patambo iri kusara, uye DNA polymerase inoongorora nekugadzirisa zvikanganiso.
5. Vitamin
Tsanangudzo uye Basa
Mavhitamini zvinhu zvemuviri zvinodiwa zvishoma asi zvakakosha pakushanda zvakanaka kwemuviri. Anoshanda sema coenzymes (semuenzaniso, mavhitamini eB-complex), ma antioxidants (vhitamini C na E), uye ma metabolic regulators (vhitamini D).
Muenzaniso wezvinetso
Mubvunzo:
Chii chinonzi Vitamin C mumuviri wemunhu uye chii chinokonzera kushomeka kwayo?
Kukurukurirana:
– Basa reVitamin C: Inoshanda seantioxidant, inobatsira mukugadzirwa kwecollagen, inowedzera kunyudzwa kwesimbi, uye inovandudza masoja emuviri.
– Migumisiro Yekushomeka: Kushaikwa kweVitamin C kunogona kukonzera scurvy, iyo inoratidzwa nekuneta, kurwadziwa kwemhasuru nemajoini, kubuda ropa mumatadza, kupererwa neropa, uye kupora kwemaronda zvishoma nezvishoma.
Mhedziso
Makemikoro emuchadenga akadai semakabhohaidhiretsi, mafuta, mapuroteni, nucleotides, uye mavhitamini zvinhu zvakakosha mumabasa akasiyana-siyana ehupenyu. Kunzwisisa mashandiro uye mabhenefiti ekemikoro imwe neimwe iyi kwakakosha muhutano nemukurapa. Matambudziko emuenzaniso ari muchinyorwa chino anopa kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwekuti makemikoro aya anoshanda sei uye kukosha kwawo mukuchengetedza kurarama kwezvisikwa.
Chinyorwa chino chinotarisirwa kubatsira vaverengi kunzwisisa pfungwa huru dzemakemikari akasiyana-siyana akakosha eorganic uye mabhenefiti awo, pamwe nekuvandudza kugona kwavo kuongorora nekugadzirisa matambudziko ane chekuita nawo muminda ye biochemistry nehupenyu.
