Musoro: Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso uye Kukurukurirana kweMitemo yePairing Base
Pendauluan
Mumajini, mitemo yekubatanidza mabhesi ndiyo hwaro hwakakosha hwekutsanangura mashandiro anoita DNA neRNA. MuDNA, mabhesi ane nitrogenous anobatanidzwa zvakananga: adenine (A) inobatana nethymine (T), uye guanine (G) inobatana necytosine (C). MuRNA, uracil (U) inotsiva thymine. Mitemo iyi yakakosha pakudzokororwa kweDNA uye kunyorwa kweRNA.
Chinyorwa chino chicharatidza mienzaniso yakati wandei yezvinetso zvine chekuita nemitemo yekubatanidza zvinhu, pamwe chete nehurukuro dzavo. Zvinotarisirwa kuti izvi zvichabatsira vaverengi kunzwisisa pfungwa huru uye mashandisirwo adzo mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana ehupenyu.
Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso nekukurukurirana
1. Mubvunzo 1: Kuverenga Nhamba yeMabhesi muDNA
Semuenzaniso, tambo yeDNA ine 30% guanine. Verenga huwandu hwemabhesi e cytosine, adenine, uye thymine mutambo.
Kukurukurirana:
Zvichienderana nemitemo yekuwirirana kwebase, guanine (G) inogara ichienderana necytosine (C). Kana guanine iri 30%, saka cytosine inofanirawo kuva 30%. Sezvo huwandu hwese hwebases huchifanira kuva 100%, tinogona kuverenga huwandu hweadenine (A) nethymine (T) tichishandisa fomura iyi:
\[
\text{Percentage A} + \text{Percentage T} + \text{Percentage G} + \text{Percentage C} = 100\%
\]
Nekubatanidza kukosha kweG naC, tinowana:
\[
\text{Percentage A} + \text{Percentage T} + 30\% + 30\% = 100\%
\]
\[
\text{Percentage A} + \text{Percentage T} = 40\%
\]
Sezvo A ichibatanidzwa naT, saka:
\[
\chinyorwa{Peji A} = \chinyorwa{Peji T} = 20\%
\]
Saka, chikamu chehwaro hwega hwega ndiG = 30%, C = 30%, A = 20%, uye T = 20%.
2. Mubvunzo 2: Kugadzira DNA Pair Chain
Zvichienderana nehurongwa hwekutanga patambo imwe yeDNA, 5′-ATCGGATCGA-3′. Sarudza hurongwa hwekutanga pane imwe tambo.
Kukurukurirana:
Tichishandisa mitemo yekubatanidza base, tinoziva kuti A inobatanidza T, T neA, C neG, uye G neC. Nekutevera mitemo iyi, tinogona kuona kurongeka kwebases pa paired strand:
- Peya mbiri dzine T
- T inosanganiswa neA
- C yakabatana naG
- G yakabatana neC
- G yakabatana neC
- Peya mbiri dzine T
- T inosanganiswa neA
- C yakabatana naG
- G yakabatana neC
- Peya mbiri dzine T
Saka, kutevedzana kwehwaro mucheni dzakabatana i3′-TAGCCTAGCT-5′.
3. Mubvunzo 3: Kunyorwa kweDNA kuita RNA
Zvichienderana nekutevera kweDNA base sequence: 5′-GATTACA-3′. Sarudza base sequence iri muRNA yakanyorwa.
Kukurukurirana:
Mukuita kwekunyora, base sequence muDNA inoshandiswa se template yekugadzira RNA. MuRNA, uracil (U) inotsiva thymine (T). RNA base sequence inozogadzirwa nekutsiva base yega yega ne base yayo inoenderana nayo (kunze kweT, inova U):
- G anova C
- A inova U
- T inova A
- T inova A
- A inova U
- C inova G
- A inova U
Saka kutevedzana kwehwaro muRNA i5'-CUAAUGU-3'.
4. Mubvunzo 4: Kuziva Kuchinja-chinja muDNA
Musayendisiti anoona kuti hwaro huri muDNA sequence 5′-TACGGCAT-3′ hwakachinja, zvichitsiva hwaro hwechipiri neimwe hwaro. Zvichibva padata iri, chii chingave chakakonzerwa nekuchinja uku paprotein inobuda?
Kukurukurirana:
Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, tinofanira kutanga taziva kuti ma base pairs akajairika uye kuti RNA sequence inofanira kunge iri chii:
Kutevedzana kweDNA kwakajairika: 5′-TACGGCAT-3′
Assumptive mutant: 5′-TTCGGCAT-3′ (T yechipiri yakatsiviwa neimwe base)
Peya yakajairika: 3′-ATGCCGTA-5′
Peya yekuchinja: 3′-AAGCCGTA-5′
RNA Yakajairika: 5′-AUGCCGUA-3′
RNA inoshanduka: 5′-AAGCCGUA-3′
Zvichibva patafura yekodhoni, kutevedzana kwakajairika kweAUG (methionine) kuchachinja kuita AAG (lysine). Kutsiva amino acid imwe chete mucheni kunogona kukanganisa mashandiro epuroteni inobuda, zvichienderana nenzvimbo uye hunhu hwemakemikari hweamino acid inosanganisirwa.
5. Mubvunzo 5: Kuverenga Mhedzisiro yeKushanduka kweDNA
Kana DNA yadonha, zvisungo zviri pakati pemabhesi ane nitrogen zvinotyoka. Mukuyedza uku, takaona kuti DNA sequence ine 60% GC-pairing. Kana tembiricha ikawedzera, kugadzikana kweDNA iyi kwaizoenzaniswa sei neDNA ine 40% GC-pairing?
Kukurukurirana:
Mapairi eGC base anobatanidzwa nemabhondi matatu ehydrogen, nepo mapairi eAT base akabatanidzwa nemabhondi maviri ehydrogen. Nokudaro, DNA sequences ine GC percentage yakakwira yakagadzikana uye inoda tembiricha yakakwira kuti ipararire.
Muchiitiko ichi, DNA ine 60% GC pairs ichave yakasimba uye inodzivirira kuwedzera kwekushisa kupfuura DNA ine 40% GC pairs chete, nekuti simba rakawanda rinodiwa kuti pave nekupwanya zvakawanda zvehydrogen bonds zvinobatanidza GC pairs.
Mhedziso
Kunzwisisa mitemo yekubatanidza mabhesi chinhu chakakosha mu biology yemamorekuru, kunyanya panyaya yekudzokororwa kweDNA, kunyorwa kweDNA, uye kuchinja. Mienzaniso iri pamusoro inoratidza mashandisirwo anoshanda uye zvinorehwa nemitemo iyi mukudzidza kwema genetics ne biotechnology. Kunzwisisa kwatinoita zvakadzama maitiro aya, ndiko kuwedzera kwatinoita kufambira mberi mukutsvaga kwema genetics uye kunzwisisa kwedu hupenyu padanho remamorekuru.
