Mibvunzo nekukurukurirana pamusoro peLewis Acid-Base Example
Pendauluan
Maitiro eacid-base inyaya huru mukemistri uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumabasa akasiyana-siyana nemaindasitiri. Tsanangudzo dzakasiyana-siyana dzeacids nebases dzinoshandiswa mukemistri, kusanganisira tsananguro dzeArrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, naLewis. Chinyorwa chino chichatarisa pane pfungwa yeLewis acids nebases uye chichapa mienzaniso yakawanda yezvinetso nehurukuro kuti tinzwisise pfungwa idzi zvakanyanya.
Tsanangudzo yeLewis Acids uye Bases
Tisati tapinda mumibvunzo yemuenzaniso, zvakakosha kutanga tanzwisisa tsananguro huru dzemaacids nemabhesi zvichienderana nedzidziso yaLewis.
– Lewis acid: Chinhu chinogona kugamuchira maerekitironi maviri.
– Lewis base: Chinhu chinogona kupa maerekitironi maviri.
Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, Lewis acid imusanganiswa une ma "orbital" asina chinhu anogona kuzadzwa nema "electron pairs", nepo Lewis base iri musanganiswa une ma "electron pairs" asina chinhu anogona kupihwa ku "acid".
Mienzaniso yeLewis Acids uye Bases
– Lewis acids: Aluminum chloride (AlCl₃), Boron trifluoride (BF₃), Ferric chloride (FeCl₃), nezvimwewo.
– Zvigadziko zveLewis: Ammonia (NH₃), Mvura (H₂O), Chloride ion (Cl⁻), nezvimwewo.
Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso nekukurukurirana
Mubvunzo 1
Sarudza kuti ndeipi inoshanda seLewis acid uye Lewis base mukuita kunotevera:
\[ \text{AlCl}_3 + \text{NH}_3 \rightarrow \text{AlCl}_3\text{NH}_3 \]
Kukurukurirana:
– Aluminium chloride (\( \text{AlCl}_3 \)): Aluminium iri muAlCl₃ ine orbital isina chinhu inogona kugamuchira electron pair kubva ku lone pair electron iri muNH₃.
– Amonia (\( \text{NH}_3 \)): Amonia ine maerekitironi maviri chete ayo inogona kupa kune aruminiyamu.
Saka, mumhinduro iyi:
– \( \text{AlCl}_3 \) inoshanda seLewis acid.
– \( \text{NH}_3 \) inoshanda senzvimbo yeLewis.
Mubvunzo 2
Sarudza Lewis acid neLewis base mukuita kunotevera:
\[ \text{BF}_3 + \text{F}^- \rightarrow \text{BF}_4^- \]
Kukurukurirana:
– Boron trifluoride (\( \text{BF}_3 \)): Boron muBF₃ ine orbital isina chinhu inogona kugamuchira electron pair kubva ku fluoride ion (F⁻).
– Ioni yeFluoride (\( \text{F}^- \)): Ioni yeFluoride ine maerekitironi maviri anogona kupihwa kuBoron.
Saka, mumhinduro iyi:
– \( \text{BF}_3 \) inoshanda seLewis acid.
– \( \text{F}^- \) inoshanda senzvimbo yeLewis.
Mubvunzo 3
Mukutaurirana pakati pe \( \text{FeCl}_3 \) uye \( \text{H_2O} \), sarudza kuti ndeipi inoshanda seLewis acid uye ndeipi inoshanda seLewis base.
Kukurukurirana:
– Ferric chloride (\( \text{FeCl}_3 \)): Ferric chloride ine atomu yesimbi (Fe) ine orbital isina chinhu inogona kugamuchira maerekitironi maviri kubva mumvura.
– Mvura (\( \text{H₂O} \)): Mvura ine maerekitironi maviri chete paatomu yeokisijeni anogona kupihwa kusimbi.
Saka, mumhinduro iyi:
– \( \text{FeCl}_3 \) inoshanda seLewis acid.
– \( \text{H₂O} \) inoshanda senzvimbo yeLewis.
Mubvunzo 4
Ko mamorekuru ekabhoni dhayokisaidhi (CO₂) anogona kushanda seLewis acids here? Ipa zvikonzero zvichibva pachimiro chawo.
Kukurukurirana:
Kuti tipindure mubvunzo uyu, tinoda ongororo yemagetsi yemorekuru yeCO₂. Muchimiro, molekuru yeCO₂ yakatsetseka, ine atomu yekabhoni yakabatana kaviri nemaatomu maviri eokisijeni (O=C=O).
– Kabhoni dhayiokisijeni (CO₂): Kunyangwe iine maerekitironi maviri chete, atomu yekabhoni iri muCO₂ haina maerekitironi akawanda nekuti mabhondi maviri ane okisijeni anodhonza huwandu hwakawanda hwemaerekitironi kubva mukabhoni. Maumbirwo aya emolekyuri ane orbital isina chinhu pakati peatomu yekabhoni iyo inoita kuti ikwanise kugamuchira maerekitironi maviri.
Saka, CO₂ inogona kushanda seLewis acid nekuti inogona kugamuchira maerekitironi maviri, nokudaro ichizadzisa zvinodiwa zveLewis acid.
Mubvunzo 5
Sarudza kana BF₃ neNH₃ mukuita kunotevera zvinoshanda seLewis acids kana mabhesi:
\[ \text{BF}_3 + \text{NH}_3 \rightarrow \text{BF}_3\text{NH}_3 \]
Kukurukurirana:
– Boron trifluoride (\(BF_3 \)): BF₃ ine chimiro chefluor nhatu dzakakomberedza boron. Atomu yeboron yakakomberedzwa nemaerekitironi matanhatu evalence kubva kuBF bond, iri pasi peoctet (maerekitironi masere). Izvi zvinoita kuti BF₃ ive ne empty orbital paboron inogona kugamuchira electron pair kubva kuNH₃.
– Ammonia (\( NH_3 \)): NH₃ ine maerekitironi maviri chete paatomu yenitrogen.
Mukuita uku:
– \( \text{BF}_3 \) inoshanda seLewis acid.
– \( \text{NH}_3 \) inoshanda senzvimbo yeLewis.
Mubvunzo 6
Tsvaga maLewis acid nemabase pairs mumhinduro dzinotevera uye tsanangura mafungiro ako:
\[ \text{NH}_3 + \text{H}^+ \rightarrow \text{NH}_4^+ \]
Kukurukurirana:
– Ammonia (\( NH_3 \)): NH₃ ine maerekitironi maviri chete paatomu yenitrogen anogona kupihwa.
– Hydrogen ion (\( H^+ \)): H⁺ iproton uye haina maerekitironi, saka inoshanda semugamuchiri wemaerekitironi maviri.
Mukuita uku:
– \( \text{NH}_3 \) inoshanda seLewis base nekuti inopa maerekitironi maviri.
– \( \text{H}^+ \) inoshanda seLewis acid nekuti inogamuchira maerekitironi maviri.
Mhedziso
Dzidziso yeLewis acid-base inowedzera maonero edu emakemikari nekufunga kwete chete nezvemaprotoni asiwo kudyidzana kuripo pakati pemaerekitironi maviri awo. Kunzwisisa kwakakwana pfungwa iyi kwakakosha mukemistri pakuongorora nekufanotaura maitiro emakomichi akasiyana-siyana. Kuburikidza nemienzaniso nehurukuro dziri pamusoro apa, taona kuti kuzivikanwa kweLewis acids nemabhesi kunoitwa sei mukuita. Pfungwa iyi haisi yepakutanga chete asi inoshandiswawo kakawanda mukutsvaga kwemakemikari neindasitiri.
Kuziva kuti ndeapi macompounds anoshanda seLewis acids kana mabhesi mune imwe reaction kunogona kutibatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani nzira dze reaction uye kugadzira kuedza kunoshanda zvakanyanya. Saka, kunzwisisa kwakanaka uye kugara uchiita zvinhu nguva dzose ndizvo zvinokosha pakuziva pfungwa iyi.
