Uchapupu hweMolecular uye Kufanana kweDNA
Kufambira mberi mubiology yemamorekuru uye majini kwakavhura mukana mutsva wekunzwisisa hupenyu padanho rayo guru: DNA. Deoxyribonucleic acid, kana kuti DNA, imorekuru ine mirayiridzo yemagene inodiwa pakukura, kukura, kubereka, uye kushanda kwezvisikwa. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora humbowo hwemamorekuru uye kufanana kweDNA kunotsigira pfungwa dzakasiyana-siyana dzekushanduka-shanduka, hukama hwepakati pemarudzi, uye kushandiswa kweDNA muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvesainzi.
Maumbirwo uye Mashandiro eDNA
DNA ndiyo molecule inoumba zvinhu zvedu zvemajini. Muzvisikwa zve eukaryotic, DNA iri mu nucleus yesero uye inoumba denderedzwa repiri rine tambo mbiri dze polynucleotide. Nucleotide yega yega ine base ine nitrogenous (adenine, thymine, guanine, kana cytosine), deoxyribose sugar, uye phosphate group. Iyi sequence yema bases inochengetedza ruzivo rwemajini rwakanyorwa mumajini.
DNA ine basa guru mukugadzirwa kwemapuroteni, ayo ari mamorekuru akakosha pakuona chimiro uye mashandiro emasero. Mapuroteni anovakwa kubva kumaamino acids, uye kutevedzana kwemaamino acids aya kunoenderana nekutevedzana kwemanucleotides muDNA. Maitiro aya, anosanganisira kunyorwa uye kushandurwa, anobvumira DNA kutungamira kukura nekugadzirisa hupenyu.
Uchapupu hweMamorekuru hweKushanduka-shanduka
Imwe yenzvimbo dzinonakidza dzeuchapupu hwemamorekuru ndekubatsira kwahwo mudzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu. Kuburikidza nekuongorora DNA, masayendisiti anogona kuratidza kuti zvipenyu zvine hukama sei uye kuziva madzitateguru azvo akafanana. Mhando dzakasiyana dzeuchapupu hwemamorekuru dzinotsigira dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu, dzinosanganisira:
1. Kubatana kwemajini: Majini akafanana anowanikwa mumarudzi akasiyana ane shanduko diki. Semuenzaniso, majini ane basa rekutonga hwaro hwekukura kwemuviri anowanikwa mumhuka dzakawanda, zvichiratidza kuti anogona kunge akagarwa nhaka kubva kutateguru mumwe chete.
2. Mitochondrial DNA: Mitochondrial DNA inogarwa nhaka kubva kuna amai chete uye inochinja zvishoma nezvishoma kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe. Kuongororwa kweMitochondrial DNA kunotibvumira kutevedzera nhoroondo yekushanduka-shanduka kwevanhu nedzimwe mhando. Inopa chishandiso chekutevera kutama kwemarudzi munhoroondo yekushanduka-shanduka.
3. Miti yePhylogenetic: Nekuenzanisa maDNA sequences kubva kuzvisikwa zvakasiyana, masayendisiti anogona kugadzira miti yephylogenetic inoratidza hukama hwekushanduka-shanduka uye hukama pakati pemarudzi. Miti iyi inowanzo simbisa mapatani anofungidzirwa kubva muzvidzidzo zvezvisaririra uye morphological.
Kufanana kweDNA yemarudzi akasiyana
Kufanana kwemajini pakati pemarudzi kunoita kuti tinzwisise kuti zvipenyu zvakasiyana zvinogona sei kuva nehukama hwekushanduka-shanduka. Muenzaniso unowanzotaurwa nezvawo kufanana kwemajini pakati pevanhu nemachimpanzi. Tsvagiridzo inoratidza kuti DNA yevanhu nemachimpanzi inopfuura 98% yakafanana, zvichiratidza kuti tine tateguru mumwe chete munguva pfupi yapfuura munhoroondo yekushanduka-shanduka.
Pamusoro pechimpanzee, vanhu vanogovanawo majini nedzimwe mhuka dzakawanda, kusanganisira mbeva, nhunzi dzemichero, uye zebrafish. Chidzidzo ichi chinoratidza kuchengetedzwa kwemamorekuru zvakanyanya, uko majini akakosha pamabasa ekutanga echisikwa anochengetwa mukati mekushanduka-shanduka.
Mashandisirwo eDNA muSainzi neTekinoroji
Tekinoroji dzine chekuita neDNA dzakadai seDNA sequencing dzakachinja nzvimbo dzakawanda, kubva pakurapa kusvika kusayenzi ye forensic nekurima. Heano mamwe emashandisirwo azvo:
1. Hutano Nemishonga: Kunzwisisa majini evanhu kwakavhura mukana wekurapa kwakagadzirirwa munhu mumwe chete. Kuongororwa kweDNA kunogona kuona njodzi yakakura yezvirwere zvakasiyana uye kubatsira kusarudza mishonga yakakodzera.
2. Kuongororwa kwemhosva: DNA inogona kushandiswa senzira chaiyo yekuziva mhosva mumatare edzimhosva. Kuongororwa kweDNA kunogona kubatanidza vanhu vanofungirwa mhosva nehumbowo panzvimbo yemhosva kana kusunungura vanhu vasina mhosva.
3. Kurima: Kugadzira majini kunobvumira zvirimwa kugadziriswa kuti zviwedzere goho, kusabatwa nezvipembenene, uye kukosha kwekudya. Zvirimwa izvi zvinochinja majini zvinobatsira kusangana nekuwanda kwezvinodiwa zvekudya nekuda kwekukura kwevanhu pasi rose.
4. Kuchengetedza: Kuongorora DNA kunoitawo basa guru mukuchengetedza mhuka dziri munjodzi yekuona nekuchengetedza mhuka dziri munjodzi. Nekunzwisisa kusiyana kwemajini evanhu, nzira dzekuchengetedza mhuka dziri munjodzi dzinogona kugadzirwa.
Mhedziso
Humbowo hwemamorekuru uye kufanana kweDNA zvinopa ruzivo rwakasimba uye rwakadzama pamusoro pemagadzirirwo ehupenyu, hukama hwemarudzi akasiyana, uye maitiro ekushanduka-shanduka. DNA haingoshandi sepurani yehupenyu chete asiwo sechishandiso chekunzwisisa zvakapfuura zvedu uye kuumba ramangwana redu. Kuburikidza nekuongorora DNA, tinogona kutsvaga nzira yekushanduka-shanduka, kugadzira zvishandiso zvekurapa zvitsva, kugadzira matekinoroji ari nani ekurima, uye kuchengetedza zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana. Mukugadzirisa matambudziko epasi rose nhasi, kushandisa humbowo hwemamorekuru uye kufanana kweDNA kunogona kupa mhinduro dzinogara kwenguva refu uye dzinoshanda.
