Arrhenius Acids uye Zvigadziko: Kufumura Nheyo dzeKemistri
Mukemikari, pfungwa dzemaacids nemabhesi inheyo dzakakosha dzinotigonesa kunzwisisa maitiro akasiyana-siyana emakemikari, murabhoritari uye muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Imwe yedzidziso dzekutanga uye dzakakosha dzekuisa mumapoka maacids nemabhesi yakaunzwa naSvante Arrhenius mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19. Dzidziso iyi, inozivikanwa seArrhenius Theory yeAids and Bases, inopa maonero akakosha ehunhu hwemaacids nemabhesi zvichibva pamaitiro avo eionic. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora pfungwa huru dzedzidziso iyi, zvadzinoreva, uye kukosha kwayo uye mashandisirwo ayo munyika yanhasi.
Pfungwa huru dzedzidziso yeArrhenius
Svante Arrhenius, nyanzvi yemakemikari yekuSweden, akahwina Mubairo weNobel muChemistry muna 1903 nekuda kwebasa rake mu electrolytic chemistry. Mupiro wake mukuru mudzidziso ye acids nema bases kwaive kuzivikanwa uye kupatsanurwa kwema compounds zvichibva pakukwanisa kwawo kupatsanurwa mumusanganiswa wemvura.
Zvinoenderana neArrhenius Acid Base Theory:
1. Arrhenius Acid: Asidhi chinhu chinoumba mahydrogen ions (H+) kana chanyungudutswa mumvura. Mienzaniso yakajairika yeArrhenius acids inosanganisira hydrochloric acid (HCl), iyo inopatsanurwa mumvura kuita H+ uye chloride ions (Cl-).
HCl → H+ + Cl-
2. Arrhenius base: Base chinhu chinogadzirwa nemvura chinoburitsa ma hydroxide ions (OH-). Mienzaniso yakajairika yema Arrhenius bases inosanganisira sodium hydroxide (NaOH), iyo inopatsanurwa mumvura kuita Na+ uye OH-.
NaOH → Na+ + OH-
Dzidziso iyi inopa hwaro huri nyore asi hune simba hwekuziva nekunzwisisa hunhu hweasidhi nemabhesi zvichibva pakugadzirwa kwavo mumvura.
Maitiro ekusapindirana kwezvematongerwo enyika
Imwe yepfungwa dzakakosha dzinobuda muArrhenius Acid-Base Theory ndeye neutralization reaction, umo acid ne base zvinosangana kuti zvigadzire mvura nemunyu. Kazhinji, neutralization reaction inogona kuratidzwa se:
H+ (kubva kuasidhi) + OH- (kubva pahwaro) → H2O (mvura)
Semuenzaniso, kusangana pakati pehydrochloric acid (HCl) nesodium hydroxide (NaOH) kunoburitsa mvura nesodium chloride (NaCl):
HCl + NaOH → H2O + NaCl
Maitiro ekusagadzikana ndiwo hwaro hwemaitiro mazhinji emakemikari emaindasitiri, pamwe chete nemaitiro akasiyana-siyana ehupenyu nemuviri muzvinhu zvipenyu.
Miganhu yedzidziso yeArrhenius
Kunyangwe dzidziso yeArrhenius Acid-Base Theory ichipa ruzivo rwakakosha uye runobatsira, ine zvipingamupinyi zvakawanda. Chimwe chinokanganisa chikuru ndechekuti inoshanda chete kune zvinoitwa mumvura uye haigone kutsanangura hunhu hwemaacid nemabhesi muzvinhu zvisiri zvemvura kana mugasi.
Semuenzaniso, ammonia (NH3) haikodzeri tsananguro yeArrhenius yehwaro nekuti haiburitse OH- zvakananga mumvura. Zvisinei, tinoziva kuti ammonia inogona kushanda sehwaro nekuti inogona kugamuchira H+ ions kuti igadzire ammonium ions (NH4+):
NH3 + H2O → NH4+ + OH-
Dzidziso yaArrhenius haigonewo kutsanangura maitiro emamwe macompounds ari amphoteric, kureva macompounds anogona kushanda seacid uye se base, senge mvura (H2O).
Kuvandudzwa kweAcid-Base Theory
Kuti vakunde zvipingamupinyi zveArrhenius Acid-Base Theory, masayendisiti akazogadzira dzidziso yakajairika uye inosanganisira vanhu vose. Dzidziso mbiri huru dzakabuda sekuvandudzwa kweArrhenius Acid-Base Theory ndeidzi Brønsted-Lowry Theory neLewis Theory.
1. Dzidziso yeBrønsted-Lowry: Yakatangwa naJohannes Nicolaus Brønsted naThomas Martin Lowry muna 1923, dzidziso iyi inotsanangura maasidhi semaproton donors (H+) uye mabhesi semaproton anogamuchira. Dzidziso iyi inonyanya kusanganisira zvese nekuti haina kungogumira pamvura. Semuenzaniso:
– Asidhi: HCl (H+ donor)
– Hwaro: NH3 (H+ receptor)
Mhinduro: HCl + NH3 → NH4+ + Cl-
2. Dzidziso yaLewis: Gilbert N. Lewis akapa dzidziso yeacid-base muna 1923, achitsanangura maacid sema electron-pair acceptors uye mabhesi sema electron-pair donors. Tsanangudzo iyi inosanganisira mamwe maitiro akawanda emakemikari asina kutsanangurwa neArrhenius kana Brønsted-Lowry Theories. Semuenzaniso:
– Asidhi: BF3 (chinogamuchira maerekitironi nekuda kwekushomeka kwemaerekitironi maviri)
– Hwaro: NH3 (inopa electron pair nekuti ine electron pair yakasununguka)
Mhinduro: BF3 + NH3 → F3B-NH3
Dzidziso idzi dzinosimbisa kutamiswa kwemaprotoni nemaerekitironi, zvichipa maonero akazara pamusoro pemaitiro easidhi nemabhesi.
Kushandiswa kweArrhenius Acid-Base Theory
Pasinei nemiganhu yayo, misimboti yekutanga yeArrhenius Acid-Base Theory inoramba yakakosha uye yakakosha mumabasa mazhinji anoshanda uye emaindasitiri. Heano mimwe mienzaniso:
1. Indasitiri yeMakemikoro: Mukugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemazuva ese zvakaita semasiponji, fetereza, nemamwe makemikari emaindasitiri, kuzivikanwa nekushandiswa kwemaacid nemabhesi kwakakosha.
2. Kuongorora Makemikoro: Dzidziso iyi inokosha zvikuru mu acid-base titration, nzira yekuongorora huwandu inoshandiswa kuona huwandu hwe acid kana base solution.
3. Biology neMishonga: Kunzwisisa kuti maasidhi nemabhesi zvinoshanda sei mumuviri wemunhu kwakakosha muminda ye biochemistry ne physiology, zvakaita sekuchengetedza pH yeropa yakagadzikana.
4. Zvakatipoteredza: Kutarisa pH yemvura nevhu kwakakosha zvikuru kuchengetedza kuenzana kwezvakatipoteredza uye hutano hwezvinhu zvipenyu.
5. Kurapa Mvura: Dzidziso iyi inoshandiswa pakurapa mvura yakasviba nemvura yekunwa kuitira kuti pH ive munzvimbo yakachengeteka.
Mhedziso
Dzidziso yeArrhenius acid-base ingave imwe yedzidziso dzemakemikari dzakakosha, asi inoramba iine basa uye inopa hwaro hwakasimba hwekudzidza zvakawanda nezvemaitiro eacid-base. Pasinei nekusakwana kwayo, pfungwa yaArrhenius yakashanda sedanho rakakosha rekusimudzira dzimwe dzidziso dzeacid-base, dzakadai saBrønsted-Lowry naLewis. Nekunzwisisa misimboti iyi mikuru, tinogona kunzwisisa nyore nyore kuomarara uye runako rwemaitiro emakemikari anoitika akatikomberedza zuva rega rega.
