Dzidziso dzeTsika Dzakakurumbira muAnthropology
Tsika dzakakurumbira dzava chinhu chakakosha muzvidzidzo zvemazuva ano zveanthropology. Dzichimiririra zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvinopesvedzera uye zvinopesvedzwa neveruzhinji, tsika dzakakurumbira dzinosanganisira nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana, dzinosanganisira mimhanzi, mafirimu, mafashoni, mitambo yemavhidhiyo, social media, nezvimwewo. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora dzimwe dzidziso huru muanthropology dzinoshandiswa kunzwisisa nekuongorora zviitiko zvetsika dzakakurumbira.
1. Dzidziso yeHegemony neTsika Dzakakurumbira
Imwe yedzidziso huru mukunzwisisa tsika dzakakurumbira idzidziso yehutongi hwakatangwa naAntonio Gramsci. Sekureva kwaGramsci, hutongi inzira iyo boka rimwe revanhu rinotonga mamwe mapoka, kwete chete nechisimba asiwo kuburikidza nekubvumirana kwepfungwa uye pesvedzero. Mumamiriro etsika dzakakurumbira, dzidziso yehutongi inotsanangura kuti tsika inotonga inochengetedza sei simba rayo nekudzora kugadzirwa nekuparadzirwa kwetsika.
Tsika dzakakurumbira dzinowanzo tungamirirwa nemapoka epamusoro ane simba rekutsanangura tsika netsika dzinoonekwa sedzine basa. Semuenzaniso, maindasitiri makuru evaraidzo akaita seHollywood ane simba guru pane zvinoonekwa se "zvakakurumbira" pasi rose. Zvigadzirwa zvetsika zvinogadzirwa nemapoka aya epamusoro hazvingofadzi chete asiwo zvinoparadzira dzimwe tsika nepfungwa dzinoenderana nezvido zvavo.
2. Dzidziso yeMarxian netsika dzevatengi
Karl Marx akataura kuti nzanga dzinoumbwa nehurongwa hwavo hwehupfumi, uye kuti magariro epfungwa, kusanganisira tsika, anoratidza hunyanzvi hwehupfumi ihwohwo. Mumamiriro etsika dzakakurumbira, dzidziso yeMarxian inopa ruzivo rwekuti capitalism inokanganisa sei kugadzirwa kwetsika nekushandiswa.
Munzanga dzemabhizinesi emari, tsika dzakakurumbira dzinowanzo tengeswa, uko zvinhu zvetsika zvinoshandurwa kuita zvinhu zvinotengeswa. Mimhanzi, mafirimu, mafashoni, uye kunyange hunhu hwetsika zvinounganidzwa uye zvinotengeswa kune vatengi. Maitiro aya ekutengesa anowanzo simbisa kukosha kwekutsinhana pane kukosha kwekushandisa, izvo zvinozochinja maitiro evanhu nekudyidzana uye kusangana netsika dzakakurumbira.
Nyanzvi dzeMarxian muzvidzidzo zvevanhu dzakaongororawo hukama huripo pakati petsika nemapoka evanhu. Semuenzaniso, Pierre Bourdieu, nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu uye nyanzvi yezvevanhu, akagadzira pfungwa dze'habitus' uye 'hupfumi hwetsika' kutsanangura kuti mapoka evanhu anokanganisa sei kunaka kwemunhu uye tsika dzetsika. Bourdieu akataura kuti zvido zvetsika hazvisi zvekuzvarwa nazvo, asi zvinopesvedzerwa nemamiriro emunhu ezvehupfumi.
3. Dzidziso yePostmodernism uye Kupatsanurwa kwetsika
Dzidziso yePostmodernist inopa maonero akasiyana patsika dzakakurumbira nekusimbisa kuwanda, kupatsanurwa, uye kuputswa kwenyaya huru. Postmodernism inoramba pfungwa yekuti nyaya imwe chete inogona kutsanangura zvese zvakaitika kuvanhu. Mumamiriro ezvinhu etsika dzakakurumbira, izvi zvinoreva kuti hapana "chokwadi" chimwe chete kana "tsika" inogona kutsanangura tsika pachayo.
Postmodernism inosimbisawo kukosha kwekufananidzira uye hyperreality, pfungwa dzakatangwa naJean Baudrillard. Baudrillard akataura kuti munharaunda ye postmodern, zviratidzo zvinowanzova 'zvechokwadi' kupfuura chokwadi chaicho. Semuenzaniso, tsika dzevanhu vakakurumbira munharaunda yemazuva ano inowanzovakirwa pamifananidzo nemifananidzo yenhau pane pahupenyu chaihwo hwevanhu.
Tsika dzakakurumbira muchirevo che postmodernism dzinowanzova dzekusarudza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana uye dzakasanganiswa, zvichireva kuti zvinhu zvinobva mutsika dzakasiyana nenhoroondo zvinowanzobatanidzwa uye kushandiswazve nenzira itsva uye dzinoshamisa. Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa mumafashoni, mimhanzi, uye mafashoni enhau, ayo anowanzo kukwereta zvinhu kubva mutsika dzakasiyana-siyana uye kuzviisa muchimwe chinhu chitsva uye chakasiyana.
4. Dzidziso yeMadzimai neTsika Dzakakurumbira
Dzidziso yevakadzi muvanhu inoratidza kuti hukama hwevarume nevakadzi nesimba pakati pevarume nevakadzi hunomiririrwa uye hunochengetwa sei mutsika dzakakurumbira. Tsika dzakakurumbira dzinowanzova nzvimbo yehondo apo pfungwa pamusoro pevakadzi nevakadzi nebonde dzinogadzirwa, dzinokurukuriranwa, uye dzinopikiswa.
Vatsigiri vezvematongerwo enyika vakaita saSimone de Beauvoir, pamwe chete nenyanzvi dzemazuva ano dzakadai saJudith Butler, vakaongorora kuti mafungiro evanhukadzi anowanzosimbiswa sei kuburikidza nenhau dzinozivikanwa. Mafirimu, terevhizheni, kushambadza, uye nhau dzemagariro evanhu zvinowanzosimudzira mifananidzo yechinyakare yehunhu hwevarume nevakadzi iyo inoderedza mabasa evanhu anogona kuitwa nevarume nevakadzi.
Zvisinei, dzidziso yevakadzi inoratidzawo kugona kwetsika dzevanhu senzira yekuramba uye kupa simba. Tsika dzakawanda nemafambiro ari mutsika dzevanhu dzinopikisa tsika dzevanhurume nevanhukadzi uye dzinopa mukana wekuzivikanwa kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi kwakasiyana-siyana uye kunosanganisira vanhurume nevanhukadzi. Mimhanzi yePunk, kufamba kwemuviri wakanaka, uye kumiririrwa kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi munhau inongova mienzaniso mishoma yekuti tsika dzevanhurume dzinogona sei kuva nzira yekuchinja munharaunda.
5. Dzidziso yeKubatanidzwa Kwenyika Dzepasi Pose neTsika Dzakasanganiswa
Kudyidzana kwenyika yose inzira yekubatana kwakasimba kwehupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika, uye tsika pasi rose. Mumamiriro etsika dzakakurumbira, kudyidzana kwenyika yose kwakagadzira tsika dzakasanganiswa, umo zvinhu zvinobva mutsika dzakasiyana zvinodyidzana uye zvinopesvedzerana.
Dzidziso yekudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose mu anthropology inoratidza kuti kuchinjana kwetsika uku kunowanzova kusina kuenzana, netsika huru dzenyika dzakabudirira, dzakadai seUnited States, dzichida kutonga nekushandura tsika dzemuno munyika dzichiri kusimukira. Izvi zvinowanzoonekwa senzira itsva yekolonialism yetsika kana kuti umambo hwetsika.
Zvisinei, kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose kunogadzirawo mikana yekugadzira tsika dzakaoma uye dzakasanganiswa. Semuenzaniso, mimhanzi yeK-pop, iyo inosanganisa zvinhu zvemimhanzi yekumadokero netsika dzemimhanzi dzeKorea, yave chiitiko chepasi rose, ichiratidza kuti tsika dzakakurumbira dzinogona sei kuchinja nekuchinja mumamiriro ezvinhu epasi rose. Mumwe muenzaniso mafirimu eBollywood, anosanganisira zvinhu zveHollywood uku achichengetedza hunhu hwakasiyana hwetsika.
Mukupedzisa, dzidziso huru mu anthropology dzakadai se hegemony, Marxian theory, postmodernism, feminism, uye globalization zvinopa hurongwa hwakasiyana-siyana uye hwakapfuma hwekunzwisisa tsika dzakakurumbira. Dzidziso yega yega inopa ruzivo rwakasiyana rwekuti tsika dzakakurumbira dzinogadzirwa sei, dzinodyiwa sei, uye dzinopesvedzerwa sei nemagariro evanhu, hupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika, uye nhoroondo. Saka, kudzidza tsika dzakakurumbira hakungopi chete kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwezviitiko zvezuva nezuva asiwo kunotungamira mukuongororwa kwakakosha kwemasimba esimba uye maitiro ekuchinja kwenharaunda.
