Pfungwa yeSimba uye Kutendeseka muAnthropology yezvematongerwo enyika
Pendauluan
Mukudzidza nezvevanhu vezvematongerwo enyika, pfungwa dzesimba uye pamutemo zvinhu zviviri zvinokosha zvinoratidza simba, pesvedzero, uye kuteerera munharaunda dzevanhu. Kudzidza nezvevanhu vezvematongerwo enyika, sebazi rekudzidza nezvevanhu vemagariro evanhu, kunotsvaga kunzwisisa kuti masangano nemasimba zvinoumba sei, zvinoshanda sei, uye zvinochinja sei mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana etsika nemagariro evanhu. Chinyorwa chino chichatsanangura pfungwa dzesimba uye pamutemo mune zvevanhu vezvematongerwo enyika, chichiratidza tsananguro dzadzo, dzidziso, uye mashandisirwo adzo munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzenzanga.
Simba: Tsanangudzo uye Maonero
Simba rinoreva kugona kwemunhu kana sangano kuraira kana kufurira vamwe. Weber (1922) akatsanangura simba se "mukana wekuti mirairo yezviri mukati chaiyo ichateererwa neboka rakapihwa." Muchirevo cheanthropology yezvematongerwo enyika, simba haringoonekwi sesimba repamutemo rinobatwa nevakuru vehurumende, asiwo rinosanganisira marudzi esimba anozivikanwa mumagariro akasiyana uye tsika.
Weber akatsanangura marudzi matatu esimba:
1. Simba reChivanhu: Rudzi urwu rwesimba rwakavakirwa patsika netsika dzekare munharaunda. Vatungamiriri vane simba rechivanhu vanowanzo zivikanwa kuburikidza netsika dzechivanhu kana tsika dzakagara dziripo. Semuenzaniso, madzishe emadzinza munharaunda dzechivanhu vane simba rakavakirwa patsika dzekare.
2. Simba reCharismatic: Simba iri rinokura kubva pakusimba kwemutungamiriri uye kugona kwake kukurudzira nekukurudzira vateveri. Mienzaniso yesimba recharismatic inogona kuonekwa muvanhu vanochinja-chinja kana vechitendero vanopesvedzera vateveri vavo kuburikidza nesimba ravo nemaonero avo.
3. Simba rine musoro: Rudzi urwu rwesimba rwakavakirwa pamitemo nemitemo inozivikanwa nehutungamiriri. Vatungamiriri nevakuru vane simba rine musoro vanoshandisa simba ravo zvichibva pamisimboti yatogamuchirwa nenzanga kuburikidza nemutemo wakanaka.
Kuva Nemutemo: Tsanangudzo uye Maonero
Kuva nemutemo ipfungwa ine chekuita nechiremera. Ndiko kuzivikanwa nekugamuchirwa nevanhu kwechiremera chemunhu kana sangano. Kuva nemutemo kunopa hwaro hwetsika netsika kuti chiremera chishande zvakanaka.
Mupfungwa yaWeber, marudzi akasiyana esimba anowana mvumo nenzira dzakasiyana. Simba rechivanhu rakavakirwa pamitemo inobva mutsika netsika, simba rerunako rinowana mvumo kubva mukukwezva kwemutungamiriri uye hunyanzvi hwake, uye simba rine musoro-mutemo rinovakira mvumo yaro pamitemo nemirau yakarongeka.
Dzimwe dzidziso dzakawanda muzvidzidzo zvezvematongerwo enyika dzinosimbisa mativi akakura ekuva munhu ane kodzero yepamutemo. Semuenzaniso, Gramsci akapa pfungwa ye "kuva munhu ane kodzero yekutonga," iyo inoreva kuti kutonga nekutonga zvinoitwa sei kwete chete kuburikidza nechisimba kana kutyisidzira asiwo kuburikidza nekubvumirana uye pesvedzero yetsika. Kuburikidza nekuva munhu ane kodzero yekutonga, pfungwa dzinotonga dzinogadzira uye dzinochengetedza kodzero yepamutemo kuburikidza nekugadzira pfungwa dzevanhu.
Kuva Nemutemo Mukushanda: Nyaya dzeAnthropological
Kuti tinzwisise kuti simba nemvumo zvinoshanda sei mumamiriro akasiyana, ngatifungei nezvenyaya dzezvevanhu:
1. Vanhu Vemuno
Munzvimbo zhinji dzemuno, simba rinowanzo vimba nemutemo unobva mutsika netsika. Semuenzaniso, pakati pedzimwe nzvimbo dzemuno muPapua, ishe wedzinza kana "murume mukuru" anoonekwa seane simba retsika nekuti anogara nhaka chinzvimbo kuburikidza nedzinza kana nekuda kwekuremekedza huchenjeri hwavo uye kushanda kwavo mukugadzirisa kusawirirana. Mutemo wavo unobva mukukwanisa kwavo kuchengetedza tsika nekuenzanisa munharaunda.
2. Mutungamiriri weRunako
Masangano mazhinji ezvematongerwo enyika emazuva ano uye enhoroondo ave nevatungamiriri vakawana nekuchengetedza simba kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwavo. Mienzaniso inosanganisira Nelson Mandela muSouth Africa naMahatma Gandhi muIndia. Mandela akawana mvumo kuburikidza nechiono chake chekubatana kwenyika uye kurwisa kwake rusaruraganda, ukuwo Gandhi akawana mvumo kuburikidza nekugona kwake kutungamira sangano rerusununguko nenzira dzisina mhirizhonga. Zviri pachena pano kuti mvumo yerunako inotsamirwa nekukwanisa kwemunhu kukurudzira nekukurudzira vanhu vazhinji.
3. Hurumende Yemazuva Ano
Mumazuva ano, simba repamutemo rinowanzovakirwa pahurongwa hwemitemo hwakarongeka. Semuenzaniso, hurumende dzedemocracy dzinovakira kodzero yadzo pahurongwa hwesarudzo hunozivikanwa zvikuru. Mitemo nebumbiro remitemo zvinoshanda senzira huru inoshandiswa nayo simba. Kuvimba neveruzhinji mukujeka uye kuzvidavirira kwevatungamiriri kwakakosha kuti varambe vachitendeseka muhurongwa hwakadaro.
Dambudziko reMutemo
Zvisinei, havasi vese vane masimba vanoonekwa sevane mvumo nenharaunda yavanotungamira. Dambudziko repamutemo rinoitika kana kuvapo kwevane masimba kukapokana kana kurambwa nenharaunda. Semuenzaniso, panguva yekutonga kweudzvinyiriri kana pasi pehutongi hwakaipa, vane masimba vanogona kurasikirwa nemvumo uye vanotarisana nekuratidzira kukuru kana kupandukira.
Muenzaniso wezvevanhu vezvematongerwo enyika iBolivarian Revolution muVenezuela, yakatungamirwa naHugo Chávez. Chávez akagadzira chimiro chesimba icho vanhu vazhinji vekuVenezuela vaiona sechechokwadi nekuda kwemashoko ake ekurwisa hutongi hweumambo uye kutsigira vanhu. Zvisinei, nekufamba kwenguva, matambudziko ehupfumi nemitemo yekudzvinyirira zvakaita kuti pave nedambudziko repamutemo, zvichiita kuti mapoka mazhinji evanhu abvunze simba rehurumende yake.
Penutup
Mukudzidza nezvevanhu vezvematongerwo enyika, kunzwisisa pfungwa dzesimba uye pamutemo kunotibatsira kunzwisisa mashandiro anoita simba mutsika dzakasiyana-siyana dzemagariro evanhu. Simba rinogona kutora mhando dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira dzechinyakare, dzerunako, kana dzemutemo. Panguva imwecheteyo, pamutemo unopa simba nehwaro hwetsika nemagariro evanhu hwekugamuchirwa nekushandiswa.
Kuburikidza nezvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana, tinogona kuona kuti simba nemvumo zvinoumbwa uye zvinoshanda sei mumamiriro akasiyana etsika nenhoroondo. Zvidzidzo izvi hazvingobatsiri chete pakunzwisisa dzimwe nzanga asiwo zvinopa maonero akakosha ekuongorora mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika nemagariro evanhu akatikomberedza nhasi. Saka, simba nemvumo ipfungwa dzinoshanduka, dzinogara dzichichinja uye dzichichinja sezvo nzanga dzevanhu dzichichinja.
