Forensic Anthropology uye Mashandisirwo Ayo Mumutemo
Kudzidziswa kwezvevanhu (Forensic anthropology) ibazi resainzi yezvekuferefeta rinosanganisira kushandiswa kwemisimboti uye nzira dzezvevanhu (physical anthropology) mumamiriro emutemo. Chidzidzo ichi chinowanzo shandiswa kubatsira mukuziva vanhu vakafa mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma kunzwisisa, akadai semoto, kuora kwakanyanya, kana muzviitiko apo mapfupa chete ndiwo asara. Chinyorwa chino chichatsanangura tsananguro, nzira, uye mashandisirwo ezvevanhu vezvekuferefeta mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana emutemo.
Tsanangudzo uye Nhoroondo yeForensic Anthropology
Kudzidziswa kwevanhu nekuda kwenyaya dzezvekuferefeta kunobva mukubatanidzwa kwezvekufefeta kwevanhu nesainzi yezvekuferefeta. Munhoroondo, sainzi iyi yakatanga nekuda kwekunzwisisa kusiyana kwehupenyu hwevanhu, kunyanya kuburikidza nekudzidza mapfupa evanhu mune zvekuchera matongo uye zvemazuva ano. Muzana remakore rechi19, nyanzvi dzezvekufefeta vanhu dzakatanga kushandiswa mukuferefeta mhosva kuti dzione vanhu vasingazivikanwi. Nyaya dzakadai sekupondana nenjodzi dzakakura dzakakonzera kugadzirwa kwenzira itsva dzinoshandisa ruzivo rwezvekufefeta kwevanhu.
Nzira yeForensic Anthropology
Nzira inoshandiswa mu forensic anthropology inosanganisira kuongorora mapfupa evanhu kuti vaone hunhu hwemuviri wemunhu akabatwa. Mamwe matanho akakosha uye nzira dzekuongorora forensic anthropological dzinosanganisira:
1. Kuzivikanwa Kwemuviri: Maitiro aya anosanganisira kuziva zera remunhu akabatwa, murume kana mukadzi, dzinza raakabva, uye kureba zvichibva pamapfupa akawanikwa. Semuenzaniso, pfupa rehudyu rinogona kupa zviratidzo zvekuti munhurume kana mukadzi here, nepo femur ichigona kushandiswa kufungidzira kureba.
2. Kuongorora Kukuvara Kwemunhu: Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinoongorora mapfupa kuti dzione kana paine zviratidzo zvekukuvara kana kukuvara. Izvi zvinosanganisira kutyoka, maronda ekupfurwa nepfuti, kana zvimwe zviratidzo zvemhirizhonga. Ruzivo urwu runogona kupa zviratidzo zvechikonzero cherufu.
3. Kufungidzira Nguva Yerufu: Kuongorora mamiriro emapfupa nenyama yakapoteredza kunogona kubatsira kuona kuti munhu akafa riini. Nzira idzi dzinosanganisira kuongorora kuora kwemuviri uye kuverenga nguva yeradiocarbon.
4. Kugadzirisa Chiso: Mune zvimwe zviitiko, nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinoongorora nyaya dzezvekufa dzinoshanda pamwe chete nenyanzvi dzezvekufa kuti vagadzirezve chiso chemunhu akabatwa zvichibva padehenya. Izvi zvinogona kubatsira kuziva vanhu vasingazivikanwi.
5. Forensic DNA: Kunyangwe isiri nzvimbo chaiyo ye forensic anthropology, forensic DNA inowanzo shandiswa pamwe chete ne forensic anthropology kuti munhu azivikanwe.
Kushandiswa muMutemo
Kudzidziswa kwevanhu kweForensic kunoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumitemo yakasiyana-siyana:
1. Nyaya Dzemhosva: Munyaya dzekuponda kana chisimba chinosanganisira mitumbi isingazivikanwe, nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinoongorora nyaya dzemhosva dzinobatsira mukuziva vanhu vakaurayiwa, kunzwisisa njodzi yakaitika, uye kupa ruzivo runogona kushandiswa mumatare edzimhosva.
2. Njodzi Dzakawanda: Muzviitiko zvakaita sekudengenyeka kwenyika, tsunami, kana tsaona dzendege, kuzivikanwa kwemunhu akabatwa kwakakosha kuti pave nekupora uye kuve nechokwadi chepamutemo. Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzezvekuferefeta dzinowanzo batanidzwa mumapoka ekubatsira panjodzi kuti vaone vanhu vakabatwa.
3. Kuferefeta Kwevanhu: Kuferefeta kwevanhu kunoshandiswawo mumamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende, akadai sekuferefeta kwemakuva makuru kana nyaya dzevanhu vakashaika. Munyika dziri kusangana nemhirizhonga kana mhirizhonga yenyika, nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinoongorora nyaya dzezvevanhu dzinobatsira kuwana chokwadi chenhoroondo uye kupa ruramisiro kumhuri dzevakabatwa.
4. Dare reKodzero Dzevanhu: Munyaya yekutongwa kwekodzero dzevanhu, nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinoongorora nyaya dzezvemhosva dzinoita basa guru mukupa humbowo hwehutsinye hwakaitwa. Humbowo uhwu hunowanzo shandiswa kupomera mhosva dzehondo nemhirizhonga yakarongwa.
5. Kushandiswa kweTekinoroji Yepamusoro: Nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, nyanzvi dzezvekuferefeta vanhu dzava kushandisa maturusi epamusoro-soro uye nzira dzakadai seCT scans, 3D imaging, uye software yekuongorora data kuti vawedzere kururama uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekuzivikanwa nekuongorora.
Zvipingamupinyi Nematambudziko
Kufanana nedzimwe nzvimbo, ongororo yezvevanhu inosangana nezvipingamupinyi nematambudziko akasiyana-siyana. Kugona kupa ruzivo rwakarurama uye kuongorora kwakadzama kunowanzo deredzwa nemamiriro ekunze akadai sekuora kwemuviri, kukuvara kwemapfupa, uye kusangana nemamiriro ekunze. Mamwe matambudziko anosanganisira kudiwa kwehunyanzvi hwakanyanya uye miganhu yetekinoroji mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu.
Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, kunewo nyaya dzetsika nedzekodzero dzevanhu dzekufunga nezvadzo. Semuenzaniso, panyaya yekuchera makuva evanhu vakawanda munzvimbo dzine mhirizhonga, kutaurirana nevanhu vemunharaunda uye kunzwisisa tsika kwakakosha kuitira kuti nzira dzekuongorora nyaya dzezvemhosva dziitwe zvine hungwaru uye neruremekedzo.
Mupiro kuSainzi neNzanga
Kuferefeta kwevanhu hakungopi chete kukosha kwemutemo asiwo kunoita kuti sainzi ifambire mberi. Tsvagiridzo munyaya iyi inosimudzira kunzwisisa kwedu kusiyana kwehupenyu hwevanhu, kugadziriswa kwemajini, uye maitiro ekukuvadzwa mukati mevanhu.
Padanho renzanga, basa revanoongorora nhoroondo dzevanhu rine simba guru pakutonga nekodzero dzevanhu. Nekuona vanhu vakabatwa nechisimba, muhondo dzekare nemhosva dzemazuva ano, nyanzvi idzi dzinobatsira kuunza kuvharwa nekururamisira kumhuri dzevakabatwa uye kuona kuti vanopara mhosva vanozvidavirira.
Mhedziso
Kudzidziswa kwevanhu nekuda kwenyaya dzezvekupomerwa mhosva (Forensic anthropology) inyaya inosanganisa nzira dzesainzi nekushandiswa kwakakosha kwemutemo. Kubva kumhosva dzemhosva kusvika kunjodzi huru, kubatanidzwa kwevanoongorora nezvenyaya dzezvekupomerwa mhosva kwakakosha pakuziva vanhu vakabatwa nemhosva uye kunzwisisa zvikonzero zverufu rwavo. Vachishandisa nzira dzekuongorora mapfupa dzakaoma uye kushanda pamwe chete nedzimwe nzira, nyaya iyi inoramba ichichinja uye inopa mipiro inokosha mukuchengetedza mutemo nekufambira mberi kwesainzi. Matambudziko anotarisana nawo haaderedzi kukosha kwebasa ravo, asi anosimbisa kuomarara uye kukosha kwenzira yakabatana yekunzwisisa kuzivikanwa kwevanhu uye kutsvaga kururamisira.
