Kuongorora Tsika dzezvematongerwo enyika muAnthropology
Tsika dzezvematongerwo enyika ipfungwa inokosha inotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti nzanga inodudzira sei simba, inotonga hukama pakati pevagari nenyika, uye inoumba maitiro ekutora chikamu muhupenyu hweveruzhinji. Mukudzidza nezvevanhu, tsika dzezvematongerwo enyika hadzionekwi senzira yekuvhota kana mafungiro ehurumende, asi sechikamu chetsika inorarama: inoumbwa netsika, zviratidzo, tsika, tsika, mutauro, ndangariro yeboka, uye zviitiko zvenhoroondo zvinoumba maitiro anoita vanhu "zvematongerwo enyika" mupfungwa yakakura. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura kuongororwa kwetsika dzezvematongerwo enyika kubva pamaonero evanhu, kusanganisira tsananguro, nzira, zvinhu, nzira, uye mienzaniso yekushandiswa kwadzo mukunzwisisa zviitiko zvemagariro evanhu nezvematongerwo enyika.
Kunzwisisa Tsika Dzematongerwo Enyika Kubva Mumaonero Evanhu
Kazhinji, tsika dzezvematongerwo enyika zvinoreva maonero evanhu, mafungiro avo, uye maitiro avo kune hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika. Zvisinei, dzidzo yevanhu inowedzera izvi kuti isanganisire zvinoreva netsika dziri muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Nokudaro, kune vanoongorora nezvevanhu, zvematongerwo enyika hazvingoitiki muparamende, musarudzo, kana mumahofisi ehurumende chete, asiwo mudzimba, mumisika, munzvimbo dzekunamatira, mumitambo yechivanhu , mumasangano emunharaunda, uye kunyange pasocial media—nzvimbo dzese dzine simba rinokurukuriranwa.
Anthropology inoona tsika dzezvematongerwo enyika se "mararamiro" anotonga kuti simba rinogamuchirwa kana kurambwa sei, kuteerera kunosimbiswa sei, kusawirirana kunogadziriswa sei, uye kuti pamutemo unosimbiswa sei. Kuve pamutemo pano hakusi kungova pamutemo chete, asi pane kutenda kwevanhu kuti simba rinoonekwa serine musoro, rakakodzera, kana kuti pamutemo.
Nei Anthropology Yakakosha Pakuongorora Tsika Dzematongerwo Enyika
Nzira yekudzidzisa vanhu nezvevanhu inosimbisa zvinhu zvitatu zvikuru: mamiriro ezvinhu, zvinoreva, uye maitiro. Chekutanga, mamiriro ezvinhu: maitiro ezvematongerwo enyika haagone kuparadzaniswa nemaitiro evanhu (boka, murume kana mukadzi, rudzi), nhoroondo (hukoloni, gakava, shanduko), uye hupfumi (kuwana zviwanikwa, rutsigiro). Chechipiri, zvinoreva: zviratidzo zvakaita semireza, mazita echinyakare, kutaura kwe "vanhu," kana izwi rekuti "mutengesi" haasi mashoko chete, asi zviratidzo zvekuzivikanwa uye zvishandiso zvekukurudzira. Chechitatu, maitiro: anthropology inoongorora kuti zvematongerwo enyika zvinoitwa sei chaizvo, kusanganisira kutaurirana kusiri kwepamutemo, hukama hwehukama, uye maitiro ekutsigira vatengi.
Saka, dzidzo yevanhu inogona kutsanangura kuti sei mitemo "ine musoro" maererano nehurumende dzimwe nguva ichirambwa padanho remunharaunda, kana kuti nei demokrasi yemaitiro isingatungamiriri pakutora chikamu kune chinangwa. Misiyano iyi inowanzova mutsika dzezvematongerwo enyika: maonero anoita vanhu nyika, vakuru vakuru, mutemo, uye kururamisira.
Zvidzidzo zveTsika dzezvematongerwo enyika neAnthropology
Mukuongorora kwevanhu, tsika dzezvematongerwo enyika dzinogona kupatsanurwa kuita zvinhu zvakakosha.
1. Tsika neZvitendero
Hunhu hwakadai sekuwirirana, kushandira pamwe chete, hutongi hwepamusoro, kuenzana, kana chitendero zvinopesvedzera maitiro anoita nzanga kuongorora hutungamiriri nekuita sarudzo. Semuenzaniso, nzanga dzinokoshesa hutongi hwepamusoro dzinogona kugamuchira hutungamiriri hwakavakirwa paubaba, nepo nzanga dzine tsika yekufunga dzinowanzo farira maitiro ekufunga.
2. Zviratidzo netsika dzezvematongerwo enyika
Mhemberero dzekugadzwa, kushanya kwepamutemo, kugovera rubatsiro, kana mimwe mitambo yechivanhu zvinogona kushanda sekuratidza pamutemo. Zviratidzo zvakaita sezvipfeko, rukudzo, uye mazita ekuremekedza zvinoshanda sezvishandiso zvekusimbisa chinzvimbo chemagariro nezvematongerwo enyika.
3. Masangano Akarongeka Neasina Kurongwa
Anthropology haingoongorori masangano ehurumende chete (hurumende, mapurisa, matare), asiwo masangano asina kurongeka akadai sevanhu vetsika, vatungamiriri vezvitendero, vakuru vemumusha, masangano evechidiki, uye masocial network emhuri. Kazhinji, sarudzo dzakakosha dzinoitwa kuburikidza nemasangano asina kurongeka, ayo vagari vemo vanovimba zvakanyanya nawo.
4. Hukama hweSimba uye Kusaenzana
Tsika dzezvematongerwo enyika hadzina divi radzinotsigira. Dzinogona kubereka kusaenzana, semuenzaniso kuburikidza netsika dzinoganhurira manzwi evakadzi, dzinorambidza kupinda mumapoka evashoma, kana kusimbisa kutonga kwevapfumi.
5. Ndangariro Yeboka uye Nhoroondo Yenharaunda
Ndangariro dzemhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika, kusawirirana kwezvekurima, kana zviitiko zvebudiriro zvakapfuura zvinoumba manzwiro ekuvimbana kana kusava nechokwadi nehurumende. "Kushungurudzika munharaunda" kunogona kukurudzira tsika yekusava nehanya nezvematongerwo enyika kana, zvakasiyana, kukurudzira kushingaira.
Nzira dzedzidziso muAnthropology yezvematongerwo enyika
Anthropology inoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuverenga tsika dzezvematongerwo enyika:
- Maitiro ekududzira (ekufananidzira) anosimbisa zvinoreva zviratidzo nenyaya. Zvematongerwo enyika zvinonzwisiswa senzvimbo yekubudisa zvinorehwa; hurukuro, ngano, netsika zvinoonekwa semagwaro etsika anofanirwa kududzirwa.
- Maitiro ePolitical Economy anoona tsika dzezvematongerwo enyika sedzakabatana zvakanyanya nekugoverwa kwezviwanikwa, mari, uye zvido zvemapoka. Tsika dzezvematongerwo enyika dzinogona kuva chishandiso chekutsigira kusaenzana kana nzira yekupona.
- Nzira yeKudzidzira inoratidza kuti vanhu nemapoka vanoshandisa sei mazano mukati memiganhu yetsika dzevanhu. Nenzira iyi, vanhu havaonekwi sevanhu vanongobatwa netsika, asi sevanhu vanoshanda vari kutaurirana mitemo.
- Maitiro ePostcolonial anoongorora kuti nhaka dzekoloni dzinoumba sei hurongwa hwehurumende, kuzivikanwa kwezvematongerwo enyika, uye maonero anoita nyika vagari, kusanganisira kuburikidza nekupatsanura madzinza kana madzinza.
Nzira dzeAnthropological dzekudzidza Tsika dzezvematongerwo enyika
Nzira huru yekuongorora vanhu ndeye ethnography, inova ongororo yemumunda kwenguva yakati rebei kuti vanhu vanzwisise hupenyu hwavo zvakanyanya. Mumamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika, vanyori vezvevanhu vanowanzo shandisa:
– Kucherechedza vatori vechikamu: kupinda misangano yemunharaunda, mishandirapamwe, misangano yetsika, kana zviitiko zvesangano.
– Kubvunzurudza kwakadzama: kuongorora kunzwisisa kwevagari vemo nezvehutungamiriri, kururamisira, rubatsiro rwevanhu, kana kusawirirana.
- Zvidzidzo zvenyaya dzekusawirirana uye kutaurirana: kutarisa kuti kusawirirana kunogadziriswa sei, kuti ndiani anoita basa, uye kuti ndeapi maitiro anoshandiswa.
- Hurukuro nekuongorora nhau: kucherechedza nyaya dziri munhau dzemuno, mharidzo, maposta emakwikwi, kana hurukuro dzepaindaneti.
- Kugadzira mapu pasocial network: kutsvaga rutsigiro, hushamwari, hama, uye kuyerera kwerutsigiro rwezvematongerwo enyika.
Simba renzira yekuverenga vanhu riri mukukwanisa kwayo kuverenga zvinhu zvisingawanzoonekwi neongororo dzehuwandu: zviito, zvinhu zvidiki, zvinopesana, uye maitiro asina kurongeka.
Mienzaniso yeMamiriro Enyika Ezvematongerwo Enyika Muhupenyu Hwezuva Nezuva
Muenzaniso mumwe wakajairika ndewezvematongerwo enyika ekutsigira vamwe, uko hukama hwezvematongerwo enyika hunovakwa kuburikidza nekupanana zvipo, kuwana masevhisi, kana dziviriro. Munzanga zhinji, kutsigira vamwe hakuonekwi se "kwakashata," asi chikamu chetsika dzevanhu: vatungamiriri vanoonekwa sevakanaka kana "vachida kubatsira" uye "vasingakanganwe vanhu vavo." Anthropology inobatsira kusiyanisa pakati pehuori sekutyorwa kwemutemo uye kutsigira vamwe setsika ine hunhu hwakati, kunyangwe zvichiri kukanganisa kusaenzana.
Mumwe muenzaniso ndewokufunga nezvenyaya senzira yekuita sarudzo. Zvakanaka, kufunga nezvenyaya kunoratidza kuenzana nekubvumirana, asi mukuita, kunogona kuva nzvimbo yekutonga kwakavanzika, semuenzaniso, kana manzwi evechidiki kana vakadzi akasateererwa. Ongororo yetsika dzevanhu inoongorora kuti ndiani anotaura, ndiani anoramba akanyarara, uye ndeapi maitiro anoita kuti kusaenzana uku kuite se "kwakajairika."
Uyezve, kune chiitiko chezvematongerwo enyika ekuzvizivikanwa, uko rudzi, chitendero, kana dunhu zvinoshanda sehwaro hwekukurudzira vanhu. Anthropology inoongorora kuti kuzvizivikanwa kunoumbwa sei kuburikidza nenyaya dzenhoroondo, zviratidzo zvechitendero, uye miganhu ye "isu" uchienzaniswa ne "ivo." Muzviitiko zvakawanda, kuzvizivikanwa hakusi kwega, asi nzira dzemagariro evanhu dzinoshanduka zvichienderana nemamiriro ekukwikwidzana kwezviwanikwa nesimba.
Kukosha Kwekuongorora Tsika Dzematongerwo Enyika Kwenzanga Yemazuva Ano
Kuongorora tsika dzezvematongerwo enyika kunobatsira pakunzwisisa matambudziko edemokrasi yemazuva ano, akadai sekupatsanurana kwevanhu, kusaziva chokwadi, kusavimba nemasangano, uye basa riri kukura revanhu vasina kurongeka. Nekunzwisisa tsika dzezvematongerwo enyika, vagadziri vemitemo vanogona kugadzira mapurogiramu anonyanya kukoshesa mamiriro ezvinhu, kuderedza kuramba, uye kusimbisa kutora chikamu kwevagari.
Munyaya yedzidzo yemagariro evanhu, kunzwisisa tsika dzezvematongerwo enyika kunobatsira kudzidzisa kuti zvematongerwo enyika hazvisi zvesarudzo chete, asiwo nezvetsika dzevanhu, nzvimbo dzekukurukurirana, maitiro ekugadzirisa kusawirirana, uye mutoro wemagariro evanhu. Kune vanorwira kodzero dzevanhu nemasangano everuzhinji, maonero evanhu anobatsira kugadzira nzira dzekutsigira dzinoenderana netsika dzemunharaunda pasina kuregeredza musimboti weruramisiro.
Mhedziso
Tsika dzezvematongerwo enyika mu anthropology ndiyo nzira iyo nzanga inodudzira uye inoshandisa simba muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Inosanganisira tsika, zviratidzo, masangano asina kurongeka, hukama hwesimba, uye nhoroondo inoumba mafungiro nezviito zvezvematongerwo enyika. Kuburikidza ne ethnography uye kuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu, anthropology inogona kuburitsa mativi asingaonekwe ezvematongerwo enyika: network dzekutsigira, kuvimbika kwechiratidzo, kutaurirana nezvekuzivikanwa, uye maitiro akavanzika ekutonga. Kunzwisisa tsika dzezvematongerwo enyika kwakakosha kwete chete kune vadzidzi asiwo kuhurumende nenharaunda yakakura kuvaka hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika hunobatanidza vanhu, hwakarurama hwakavakirwa muchokwadi chenharaunda.
