Hukama huripo pakati peAnthropology neCognitive Science
Anthropology nesainzi yekuziva zvinowanzoonekwa sezvinobva munyika mbiri dzakasiyana. Anthropology yakafanana nekudzidza kwevanhu maererano netsika, tsika dzevanhu, zviratidzo, uye nhoroondo dzehupenyu hwevanhu. Panguva imwecheteyo, sainzi yekuziva inowanzobatanidzwa nemarabhoritari, kuyedza, kuenzanisa kwemakombiyuta, uye kukurukurirana kwepfungwa, kunzwisisa, kurangarira, mutauro, uye kuita sarudzo. Zvisinei, zviviri izvi zvine nzvimbo yakasimba yekusangana: zvese zvinotsvaga kunzwisisa vanhu—kwete sezvisikwa zvipenyu chete, asi sezvisikwa zvinofunga, zvinodzidza, zvinotaurirana, uye zvinovaka zvinoreva mukati menzvimbo dzazvo dzemagariro. Hukama huripo pakati peanthropology nesainzi yekuziva huri kuramba huchikosha nhasi nekuti matambudziko mazhinji evanhu vemazuva ano, kubva pamashoko asina kururama kusvika pakugadzirwa kwetekinoroji, haagone kutsanangurwa chete kuburikidza nemaonero etsika kana ehuropi.
Nzvimbo Yekusangana: Mubvunzo wekuti "Vanhu Vanonzwisisa Sei Nyika?"
Anthropology inobvunza mibvunzo mikuru yakaita sekuti: nzanga dzinoumba sei zvitendero, tsika, uye tsika? Sei mamwe maitiro achionekwa seane musoro munzvimbo imwe asi asingazivikanwe kune imwe? Sainzi yekufunga inobvunza mibvunzo yakafanana, asi kuburikidza nemaonero epfungwa: kuti maonero anoumbwa sei, kuti ndangariro dzinoshanda sei, kuti pfungwa dzinorongwa sei, uye kuti vanhu vanoita sei fungidziro. Musiyano uripo pakunzwisisa nzira dzezvinoreva: kuti vanhu vanodudzira sei zviitiko uye vanozvishandura sei kuita ruzivo rwakagovaniswa.
Semuenzaniso, pfungwa ye "nguva" inoita seinowanikwa pasi rose - vanhu vese vanoona shanduko yemasikati neusiku - asi manzwisisirwo ayo anogona kusiyana: dzimwe nzanga dzinosimbisa kutenderera (mwaka, kukohwa, tsika), nepo nzanga dzemazuva ano dzichiwanzosimbisa nguva yakatarwa, inoyerwa (mawachi, makarenda, zvinangwa). Anthropology inobatsira kuronga kusiyana kwezvinoreva uye maitiro, nepo sainzi yekuziva ichibatsira kutsanangura kuti pfungwa dzisinganzwisisike senge nguva dzinodzidzwa sei, dzinomiririrwa mupfungwa, uye dzinopesvedzera maitiro.
Anthropology yepfungwa: Tsika dzekubatana
Imwe yemabhiriji ari pachena pakati peminda iyi miviri ndeyekudzidza nezvevanhu. Bazi iri rakatanga nekuziva kuti tsika haisi tsika dzekunze chete asiwo inzira yeruzivo inochengetwa uye inogovaniswa kuburikidza nepfungwa dzevanhu. Kudzidza nezvevanhu kunoongorora kuti vanhu vanopatsanura sei zvirimwa nemhuka, vanonzwisisa sei hukama, vanovaka mapoka ezvirwere, kana kutsanangura tsika.
Semuenzaniso, kuti nzanga dzinoisa sei "mhuri" mumapoka akasiyana. Dzimwe nzanga dzinosimbisa dzinza raamai, dzimwe dzinza rababa, uye dzimwe dzinoona humwe hukama hwevanhu se "hama" kunyangwe dzisiri hama dzeropa. Sainzi yekuziva inogona kubatsira kupindura: vanhu vanovaka sei mapoka akaomarara evanhu? Pane here maitiro chaiwo ekuziva anobatsira kuumbwa kwemapoka ehukama? Anthropology, kune rumwe rutivi, inopa ruzivo rwakakura rwemunda kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti dzidziso dzekuziva hadzingogumiri pamienzaniso chaiyo yetsika.
Tsika se "Nzvimbo Yekufunga"
Mumaonero emazuva ano, tsika dzinogona kunzwisiswa senzvimbo inoumbwa uye inoumbwa nemaitiro ekuziva. Mutauro, zviratidzo, tekinoroji, tsika, netsika "zvishandiso zvekufunga" zvinobatsira vanhu kurangarira, kuverenga, kuongorora, uye kusarudza. Pfungwa iyi yakabatana zvakanyanya nepfungwa yepfungwa dzakareba, iyo inotaura kuti kuziva kunoitika kwete mumusoro chete asiwo kunosanganisira muviri, zvinhu, uye nharaunda.
Mienzaniso inosanganisira kunyora manotsi, makarenda, mamepu, kana kutoshandisa nharembozha pakufamba. Anthropology inodzidza mashandisirwo anoitwa zvishandiso izvi muhupenyu chaihwo, kuti zvinoshandura sei hukama hwevanhu, uye kuti zvinoreva uye hunhu zvinoshandurwa sei nazvo. Sainzi yekuziva inodzidza kukosha kwazvo pakutarisisa, kurangarira, uye kuita sarudzo. Nekubatanidza zviviri izvi, tinogona kunzwisisa kwete chete shanduko "dzipi", asiwo "nei" uye "sei" shanduko idzi dzinoitika mupfungwa nemumagariro evanhu.
Nzira: Ethnography Inosangana Nekuyedza
Kusiyana kwenzira kunowanzoonekwa sezvipingamupinyi, asi zvinogona kuva simba. Anthropology inozivikanwa neruzivo rwayo rwemadzinza evanhu: vaongorori vanogara nenharaunda, vanocherechedza, vanotora chikamu, uye vanovaka kunzwisisa kubva mukati. Nzira iyi inobudirira pakubata mamiriro ezvinhu, hunhu hwezvinoreva, uye maitiro asingagone kuyerwa nguva dzose nenhamba. Sainzi yekuziva, kune rumwe rutivi, inoshandisa kuyedza kwakawanda kuyedza fungidziro nezvechikonzero nemhedzisiro mumaitiro epfungwa.
Nhasi, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvinosanganisa zviviri izvi: kuyedza kwakagadzirwa zvichibva pane zvakawanikwa netsika kuti zvive zvakakosha patsika, uye mhedzisiro yacho inobva yatsanangurwa patsva zvichienderana nemaumbirwo emagariro evanhu nenhoroondo. Nzira iyi yakabatana inowanzonzi experimental anthropology kana ongororo yetsika dzakasiyana-siyana mu psychology ne cognition. Nenzira iyi, dzidziso yekuziva haina rusaruro kune chero tsika, nepo anthropology ichiwana mamwe maturusi ekuongorora mashandiro ari kuita zviitiko zvemagariro evanhu.
Madingindira Akakosha: Mutauro, Zvikamu, uye Hunhu
Hukama huripo pakati peanthropology nesainzi yekuziva hunoonekwa mumisoro mikuru mitatu.
Chekutanga, mutauro. Kudzidza nezvevanhu nemitauro kunoratidza kuti mutauro hausi nzira yekutaurirana chete asi muvaki wechokwadi chemagariro evanhu: unotonga maitiro, chinzvimbo, tsika, uye hunhu. Sainzi yekuziva inoongorora kuti mutauro unogadziriswa sei, vana vanoudzidza sei, uye kuti mutauro unokanganisa sei kutarisisa nekurangarira. Kudzidza nezvehukama hwemitauro—kunyangwe mutauro uchikanganisa kufunga—kunoda ruzivo rwevanhu netsika dzakasiyana pamwe nekuongororwa kwakasimba kwekuziva.
Chechipiri, mapoka emunharaunda neruzivo. Nharaunda zhinji dzine masisitimu emhando yepamusoro ekupatsanura echisikigo akasiyana neesainzi yemazuva ano. Anthropology inonyora chimiro cheruzivo urwu, nepo sainzi yekufunga ichiongorora kugona kwepfungwa kunogonesa vanhu kugadzira mapoka: kuziva maitiro, kudzidza kwenhamba, uye kufunga kwakafanana. Kubatana uku kunovandudza kunzwisisa kwedu kwehungwaru hwevanhu mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana.
Chechitatu, tsika nemanzwiro. Anthropology inoratidza kuti pfungwa dze "zvakanaka nezvakaipa" dzinonzwisiswa zvakasiyana - dzimwe tsika dzinosimbisa kubatana kwevanhu, dzimwe dzinosimbisa rusununguko rwemunhu. Sainzi yekuziva uye neuroscience inodzidza hwaro hwemanzwiro etsika akadai sekunzwira tsitsi, kunzwa mhosva, kana hasha. Kushanda pamwe chete kwavo kunobatsira kusiyanisa kuti ndeapi maitiro etsika anogona kunge ari epasi rose uye ndeapi akaumbwa zvakasimba netsika dzemunharaunda nemasangano.
Mabhenefiti Anoshanda: Kubva paTekinoroji Kuenda kuHutano
Kubatana kuripo pakati pemafundo maviri aya kunopfuura zvedzidzo. Semuenzaniso, mukugadzira tekinoroji, kunzwisisa kwekunzwisisa kwemiganhu yekuteerera nekurangarira kunofanirwa kuwedzerwa nekunzwisisa kwetsika dzevashandisi, tsika, uye hukama hwevanhu. Pasina anthropology, dhizaini inogona kutadza nekuda kwekusawirirana nemamiriro etsika. Pasina sainzi yekuziva, dhizaini inogona kufuratira kuti vanhu vanogadzirisa sei ruzivo.
Muchikamu chehutano, dzidzo yevanhu vezvekurapa yagara ichiratidza kuti maonero ezvirwere, kuporesa, uye muviri zvinokanganiswa netsika. Sainzi yekuziva inobatsira kunzwisisa kuti vanhu vanoongorora sei njodzi, vanovimba sei neruzivo rwezvekurapa, uye vanoumba tsika. Zvese zvakakosha pakutaurirana kwehutano hweveruzhinji, kunyanya pakugadzirisa denda, majekiseni, kana shanduko yehunhu kwenguva refu.
Matambudziko uye Nzira dzeRamangwana
Kunyange zvazvo ichibatsirana, kushandira pamwe uku kunosangana nematambudziko. Anthropology dzimwe nguva inotsoropodza sainzi yekufunga nekurerutsa vanhu kuita zvinhu zvinoedza. Kusiyana neizvi, sainzi yekufunga inogona kutsoropodza anthropology nekuda kwekusayerwa zvakanaka kana kuti kuoma kuitevedzera. Matambudziko aya anogona kukundwa nepfungwa yakavhurika: kusanganisa kuyedza kwakasimba nemamiriro ezvinhu akapfuma.
Zvichienderera mberi, hukama huripo pakati peanthropology necognitive science huchave hwakakosha zvikuru pakunzwisisa zviitiko zvepasi rose zvakaita sekutama kwevanhu, kupatsanurana kwezvematongerwo enyika, tsika dzedhijitari, uye njere dzekugadzira. Nyika yemazuva ano inoumba mafungiro evanhu kuburikidza nemaalgorithms, social media, uye kufamba kukuru kwemashoko. Kuti tinzwisise izvi, tinoda lenzi mbiri: mashandiro anoita pfungwa, uye kuti tsika—kusanganisira tekinoroji—inotungamira sei pfungwa iyoyo.
Penutup
Anthropology nesainzi yekuziva hazvisi zvinhu zviviri zvinopesana, asi nzira mbiri dzinosimbisana dzekunzwisisa vanhu. Anthropology inopa kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemamiriro etsika, zvinoreva, uye chimiro chemagariro evanhu; sainzi yekuziva inopa tsananguro yemaitiro epfungwa anoita kuti vanhu vakwanise kudzidza, kududzira, uye kuita chimwe chinhu. Kana zviviri izvi zvabatanidzwa, tinowana mufananidzo wakakwana: vanhu sezvisikwa zvehupenyu zvinofunga uye zvisikwa zvetsika zvinovaka nyika yakagovaniswa kuburikidza nezviratidzo nemaitiro. Kubatana uku kunovhura nzira yekutsvaga kwakaenzana mutsika dzakasiyana, kwakarurama pakugadzira michina, uye kwakakosha pakugadzirisa matambudziko ehupenyu hwevanhu nhasi.
