Anthropology yeSangano uye Maitiro Ebasa
Kudzidziswa kwevanhu kwesangano ibazi rekudzidza rinoshandisa maonero evanhu—kunyanya pfungwa dzetsika, zviratidzo, hukama hwemasimba, uye maitiro ezuva nezuva—kuti rinzwisise mashandiro anoita masangano. Kunyange zvazvo sainzi yekutarisira ichiwanzosimbisa chimiro, hurongwa, uye zvinangwa zvekushanda, kudzidziswa kwevanhu kwesangano kunoongorora nzvimbo dzakaoma asi dzakakosha: kuti vanhu vanopa sei chinangwa kubasa, maitiro anoumbwa sei, kuti sarudzo dzinoitwa sei muhupenyu chaihwo (kwete papepa chete), uye kuti nei kusawirirana nekubatana zvichigona kubuda mubasa. Kuburikidza nenzira yetsika, kudzidziswa kwevanhu kwesangano kunobatsira kutsanangura mashandiro ebasa sechinhu chipenyu, chinofamba, uye chakaumbwa nekudyidzana kwevanhu kwezuva nezuva .
Masangano se "tsika" dzakadzidzwa
Kubva pamaonero evanhu, sangano harisi kungova chimiro kana muunganidzwa wezvinzvimbo, asi inyika yemagariro ine tsika dzayo, tsika, mutauro, uye tsika. Tsika dzesangano dzinoonekwa muzvinhu zvidiki: kuti misangano inovhurwa sei, kuti ndiani anotanga kutaura, mashandisirwo anoitwa kusetsa, kutsoropodzwa kunoitwa sei, uye kuti kubudirira kunoyemurwa sei. Zvese izvi zvinoumba "kodhi isina kunyorwa" inowanzova nesimba kupfuura maitiro epamutemo.
Semuenzaniso, kambani inogona kunge iine mutemo wekuti vashandi vagovane mazano zvakananga nevatungamiriri. Zvisinei, mukuita, kana tsika dzemazuva ese dzichiti kutsoropodzwa kunoonekwa sekukanganisa kuwirirana, vashandi vanosarudza kuramba vakanyarara. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kunzwisisa sangano kunoda kutarisa maitiro chaiwo, kwete magwaro epamutemo chete.
Ethnography iri kushanda: kuona zvisingaonekwe
Nzira huru yekuongorora vanhu ndeyekuongorora tsika dzevanhu—kutarisa zvakadzama uye kutora chikamu muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva hweboka. Mumamiriro ezvinhu esangano, kuongorora tsika dzevanhu kunosanganisira kuona mafambiro ebasa, maitiro ekutaurirana, kushandiswa kwenzvimbo yehofisi, uye kunyange kuti vanhu vanotaurirana sei nemitemo. Chinangwa hachisi chekutsvaga "kuti ndiani akarurama uye ndiani akashata," asi pane kunzwisisa kuti vanhu vanodudzira sei mamiriro ezvinhu uye nei vachiita nenzira yavanoita.
Maitiro aya anobatsira pakunzwisisa zvikamu zvechokwadi zvinowanzo furatirwa muongororo dzekugutsikana kwevashandi kana mishumo yekushanda. Ongororo dzinogona kutaura kuti "kutaurirana kwemukati kwakanaka," asi ethnography inogona kuratidza kuti kutaurirana kunoitika kuburikidza nenzira dzisina kurongeka - mapoka ekukurukurirana, hushamwari hwepakati pemapoka, kana vanhu vakakosha vanoshanda se "mabhiriji" eruzivo.
Maitiro ebasa: hukama, kuzivikanwa, uye kutaurirana
Maitiro ekushanda inzira dzemagariro evanhu dzinobva mukudyidzana pakati pevanhu nemapoka munzvimbo yebasa. Anthropology yesangano inoona mashandiro ebasa semhedzisiro yekutaurirana kuri kuenderera mberi pakati pezvido zvemunhu, zvinodiwa nesangano, uye tsika dzevanhu vose. Zvinhu zvitatu zvakakosha zvinowanzo simbiswa: hukama hwesimba, kuumbwa kwehunhu , uye maitiro ekutaurirana.
1) Hukama husina kurongeka pakati pesimba nemasimba
Simba mumasangano hariteveri nguva dzose hutungamiriri hwepamutemo. Munhu ari pachinzvimbo chakaderera anogona kuva nesimba guru nekuti ane ruzivo rwakakwana, ane ma network akakura, kana kuti anoonekwa se "munhu anovimba" nehutungamiriri. Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinoti simba iri harisi repamutemo—rinowanzo sarudza kufamba kwesarudzo.
Simba rinoonekwawo mukukamurwa kwebasa: kuti ndiani anowana mapurojekiti ane chinangwa, ndiani anowana mukana wekuratidzwa, uye kuti basa rake harisi pachena. Mumasangano mazhinji, "basa remanzwiro" rakadai sekuderedza kusawirirana, kugamuchira vashandi vatsva, kana kuchengetedza morari yechikwata rinowanzoitwa nevanhu vakasiyana vasina kuzivikanwa zviri pamutemo. Kana rudzi urwu rwebasa ruchigara ruchiitwa nevanhu vamwe chete, mashandiro ebasa anogona kusaenzana uye kukonzera kuneta.
2) Kuzivikanwa kwehunyanzvi uye kunzwa kwekukosha
Vanhu havango "shande" chete; vanovaka hunhu hwavo kuburikidza nebasa ravo. Mazita ebasa, mayunifomu, mukana wekuwana dzimwe nzvimbo, uye kunyange kero dzeemail dzekambani zvinogona kuva zviratidzo zvechinzvimbo uye nhengo. Anthropology yesangano inotarisa kuti hunhu hwehunyanzvi hunoumbwa uye hunochengetwa sei: "isu tiri timu yekugadzira," "tiri vashandi vemumunda," kana kuti "tiri varume vedata."
Kuzivikanwa uku kunogona kukurudzira kudada nekubatana, asi kunogadzirawo zvipingamupinyi pakati pemapoka. Semuenzaniso, timu inoshanda inogona kuona timu inoshanda se "yedzidziso" uye isingazivikanwe nechokwadi chiripo, nepo timu inoshanda se "isina hunyanzvi." Kana ikasatarisirwa, kusiyana uku kwehunhu kunogona kutungamira mukupatsanuka kunokanganisa kushanda pamwe chete.
3) Kutaurirana mitemo: pakati pemutemo netsika
Papepa, masangano anovimba neSOPs, KPIs, uye mitemo yebasa. Zvisinei, mukuita, vashandi vanowanzo gadzirisa zvinhu kuti zvinhu zvirambe zvichifamba zvakanaka. Kugadzirisa uku kunogona kutora chimiro chenzira dzakachengeteka, kugadzira zvinhu zvitsva, kana kugoverwa kwemabasa zvisina kurongeka. Anthropology yesangano inoona hurukuro idzi sedzechisikigo: vanhu vanogara vachitsanangura mitemo zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu.
Matambudziko anomuka kana musiyano uripo pakati pemitemo yepamutemo nemaitiro wakanyanya kukura. Vashandi vanogona kuva vasina chokwadi—vachiona mitemo se "kungoratidza" chete—kana kunzwa vakabatwa nezvinodiwa zvisingaite. Apa ndipo panobatsira kudzidza nezvevanhu: pane kungopomera vanhu, inoongorora kana mitemo yakagadzirwa zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu munharaunda uye zviwanikwa zviripo.
Tsika, zviratidzo, uye mutauro: zvishandiso zvinoumba basa
Maitiro ebasa anoumbwawo netsika dzesangano: misangano yevhiki nevhiki, dzimba dzemaguta, ongororo yekushanda, kupinda muchirongwa, uye kunyange kubuda. Tsika dzinobatanidza nhengo kuburikidza nekudzokorora uye zviratidzo. Dzinosimbisa "nzira yatiri pano." Kunyangwe tsika dziri nyore dzakadai sekuombera maoko mushure mekuratidzwa, mubairo wevashandi vakanakisisa, kana tsika yekudya kwemasikati yemunharaunda inopa mashoko nezvetsika dzesangano—ingave yemakwikwi, yekushandira pamwe, kana yehurumende.
Mutauro inzvimbo yakakoshawo. Mashoko akadai sekuti "mhuri," "agile," "pfungwa yekukurumidzira," "anoita zvinhu nekukurumidza," kana "pfungwa yekukura" haasi mashoko asina kwaakarerekera. Anoumba tarisiro yemaitiro uye anogadzirisa mamwe maonero. Kana sangano richizviti "mhuri," semuenzaniso, izvi zvinogona kukurudzira ushamwari nekutsigirana. Kune rumwe rutivi, izwi iri dzimwe nguva rinoshandiswa kusundira miganhu yehunyanzvi: zvakaoma kuramba nguva yekuwedzera nekuti rinoonekwa se "kusabatsirana."
Kusawirirana nekushandira pamwe: mativi maviri ekuchinja kwezvinhu
Maonero esangano pamusoro petsika dzevanhu kusawirirana kwete sechiratidzo chekukundikana, asi sechikamu chechisikigo chemaitiro evanhu. Kusawirirana kunogona kubva mukusiyana kwezvido, mabasa asina kujeka, kusazivana, kana kutaurirana kusina kuenzana. Chinokosha ndechekuti kusawirirana kunogadziriswa sei: kungave kwakavhurirwa hurukuro, kwakadziviswa nekuda kwekuwirirana, kana kuchinjirwa mumakuhwa nekusawirirana kwenguva refu.
Kusiyana neizvi, kushandira pamwe kunoumbwa kana paine kuvimbana, kuchengetedzeka kwepfungwa, uye tsika dzechikwata dzinotsigira kubatsirana. Kuvimbana kunowanzo kuvakwa kuburikidza nekudyidzana kudiki-diki—kuchengeta zvipikirwa, kupa rumbidzo kune vamwe, uye kuva pachena muzvisarudzo. Kazhinji, kushandira pamwe kwakasimba kunonyanya kukonzerwa nehukama hwevanhu pane zvinokurudzira zviri pamutemo.
Kuchinja kwesangano: nei kuramba kuchiwanzoitika
Kana masangano achichinja—kugadziriswazve, kugadziriswa kwedhijitari, shanduko dzehutungamiriri, kana kuiswa kwehurongwa hutsva—kuramba kunowanzoonekwa semafungiro asina kunaka. Anthropology inopa imwe tsananguro: kuramba kunogona kuratidza kuti shanduko inotyisidzira kuzivikanwa kweboka, chinzvimbo, kana kunzwa kwekuchengetedzeka. Vanhu vanoramba kwete nekuti "havadi kufambira mberi," asi nekuti shanduko inokanganisa kurongeka kwavo kwezvinoreva.
Saka, shanduko inoshanda inoda zvinopfuura kudzidziswa kwehunyanzvi chete. Inoda basa retsika: kutsanangura chikonzero chekuchinja mumutauro unonzwisisika, kubatanidza mapoka akakosha, kupa nzvimbo yekuchema tsika dzekare, uye kugadzira tsika itsva dzinosimbisa gwara idzva resangano.
Nei kudzidza nezvevanhu vesangano kuchikosha nhasi?
Nzvimbo yebasa yemazuva ano inozivikanwa nekushanda uri kure, kushanda pamwe chete kwetsika dzakasiyana-siyana, kushandiswa kweAI, uye kutarisisa hutano hwepfungwa nekusiyana-siyana. Nyaya idzi dzese dzakakosha patsika nemagariro evanhu: kuti vanhu vanodyidzana sei, vanovaka sei kuvimbana, uye vanodudzira sei basa pakati pekuchinja. Anthropology yesangano yakakosha nekuti inogona kududzira masangano senzvimbo dzehukama hwevanhu, kwete michina yekugadzira chete.
Pakupedzisira, kunzwisisa mashandiro ebasa zvinoreva kunzwisisa vanhu vari mumasangano—netsika dzavo, manzwiro avo, nzira dzekutarisana nadzo, uye zvavanotarisira. Anthropology yesangano inopa lenzi yekuona pakati pemiganhu: maitiro etsika, zviratidzo zvechinzvimbo, network dzisina kurongeka, uye nyaya dzinotungamira chiito. Nelenzi iyoyo, tinogona kugadzira mitemo yakasimba, kuvaka tsika dzebasa dzine hutano, uye kugadzira masangano asiri anoshanda chete asiwo ane hunhu.
