Zvishandiso zvemaziso zvinoonekwa
Ziso chinhu chinowanikwa muvanhu. Chinokubvumira kuverenga nyaya yefizikisi ๐ kana kutarisa chiso chemukomana akanaka kana kuti akanaka ๐ Ko kana maziso ako asiri kushanda zvakanaka? Unoziva mhinduro yemubvunzo uyu. Saka, tenda kana uchiri nemaziso ane hutano uye uchikwanisa kuona zvakajeka. Bofu harigoni kuona uye rinogona kungofungidzira mamiriro ezvinhu enyika yatiri kurarama mairi nhasi.
Kuva nemaziso ane hutano uye anoshanda zvakanaka ndiyo tariro yemunhu wese. Zvisinei, chokwadi dzimwe nguva hachienderane nezvaitarisirwa. Vamwe vanhu vakarongerwa kusangana nedambudziko remaziso, zvichivatadzisa kuona zvakajeka. Kufambira mberi mune zvesainzi, kunyanya fizikisi, kwakaita kuti zvikwanisike kugadzira zvinhu zvinobatsira kuona zvakaita semagirazi nemagirazi ekuona.
Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora mashandiro anoita ziso, zvichiita kuti vanhu vakwanise kuona. Tsananguro yemashandiro anoita ziso muchinyorwa chino ine chekuita nenyaya ye geometric optics , iyo inosanganisira kudzorwa kwechiedza, kutarisa, uye kuumbwa kwemifananidzo yezvinhu neziso. Tsananguro yakadzama yeziso uye mashandiro aro chaizvoizvo hazvigone kutsanangurwa muchinyorwa chino. Kusashanda zvakanaka kwemaziso, magirazi nema contact lenses , zvinotsanangurwa muzvinyorwa zvinotevera.
Zvikamu zveZiso
Kornea kana membrane yeziso iganda rakaomarara, rinopenya rinofukidza kumberi kweziso. Mwaranzi yechiedza inopinda muziso inodzorwa zvakanyanya ne cornea.
Mudzidzi kana mboni dzemaziso Mbeu iyi inhengo nhema yeziso remunhu. Mbeu iyi idema, saka inonwisa chiedza chose uye hairatidzi chiedza chiri kumashure. Mbeu iyi ndiyo nzvimbo inopindwa nechiedza muziso. Mbeu yakakura, chiedza chinopinda muziso, uye zvakasiyana, mbeu diki, chiedza chinopinda muziso chishoma.
Iris kana iris Iris ndiyo inodzora saizi yepupi. Kana nzvimbo yakatenderedza ziso yakajeka zvikuru, iris inovhara pupi, uye kana nzvimbo yacho isina kujeka, iris inokura pupi, zvichiita kuti chiedza chipinde muziso. Kana wakamboona musiyano uripo pakati pemapupi ekati masikati neusiku, uchanzwisisa zviri nyore mashandiro epupi.
Mhasuru dzemuchiso dzinoshanda kuchinja kutenderera kwelenzi yeziso. Kuchinja kwekutenderera kwelenzi yeziso kunokanganisa kureba kwelenzi yeziso. Kana ziso rikaona chinhu chiri kure kwazvo, mhasuru dzemuchiso dzinozorora kuitira kuti radius yekukombama kwelenzi iwedzere uye kureba kwelenzi kuwedzere. Kana ziso rikaona chinhu chiri pedyo, mhasuru dzemuchiso dzinogumira kuitira kuti radius yekukombama kwelenzi iderere uye kureba kwelenzi kuderere. Saka zvisina kunanga basa remuchiso wemuchiso nderekudzora kureba kwelenzi yeziso kuitira kuti ziso rigone kutarisa mufananidzo wechinhu zvakanaka. Kuchinja kureba kwelenzi yeziso kunonzi kugadzikana kwemaziso.
Lenzi yeziso igirazi rinobatana , rinozivikanwawo segirazi rine convex, kana kuti lenzi yakanaka . Kunyangwe chiedza chikuru chinopinda muziso chichidzorwa mu cornea, lenzi yacho inodzorwawo uye inotarisa mwaranzi yechiedza kuitira kuti mufananidzo wechinhu uumbwe pa retina chaiyo. Mufananidzo wacho unofanira kuumbwa pa retina kuti zvinhu zvionekwe zvakajeka. Retina inoshandura mafungu echiedza kuita zviratidzo zvemagetsi zvinozotumirwa kuburikidza netsinga yemaziso kuenda kuuropi.
Nzvimbo yepamusoro uye yakaderera yekugara
Kugara kwemaziso ndiko kugadziriswa kwefocal length (f) yelenzi yeziso kuenda kure kwechinhu chinoonekwa neziso, kuitira kuti mufananidzo wechinhu chacho ugone kutariswa pa retina. Focal length yelenzi yeziso idaro riri pakati pelenzi nenzvimbo yefocal yelenzi (F). Kuchinja kwekukombama kwelenzi kunoita kuti radius yekukombama kwelenzi ichinje uye nokudaro focal length yelenzi ichinje, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo.
Kana ziso rikaona chinhu chiri pa nzvimbo iri kure, tsandanyama yemuzongoza inorerutsa (inorerutsa) zvichiita kuti lenzi yeziso ive yakati sandara zvekuti radius yekukombama uye urefu hwelenzi inowedzera. Nzvimbo iri kure ndiyo daro riri kure kwazvo iro ziso rinogona kutarisa, uko nzvimbo iri kure yeziso yakajairika isingaverengeki. Kana ziso richigadzirisa urefu hwelenzi kuti ritarise pazvinhu zviri kure kana zvinhu zviri kure, ziso rinotanga kuona zvinhu zviri kure. pekugara padiki.
Kune rumwe rutivi, kana ziso rikaona chinhu chiri pedyo, tsandanyama dzemudumbu dzinoita sedzinosunga (dzinosunga) zvichiita kuti lenzi yeziso ive yakakombama zvakanyanya kuitira kuti radius yekukombama uye urefu hwefocal yelenzi iwedzere. Kureba kwechinhu chiri pedyo neziso icho ziso richiri kugona kutarisa kunonzi pedyo nenzvimboMunhu wepakati ane hurefu hunosvika 25 cm. Kana ziso rikatarisa pane chinhu chiri pedyo (25 cm), ziso rinokwana zvakakwana.
Kuumbwa kweMvuri weChinhu
Kure Kwazvo Kwechinhu Chiri Kure
Kana daro rechinhu risina muganho, lenzi yeziso inova yakati sandara zvekuti kureba kwelenzi kunowedzera, uko kureba kwelenzi (f) kunofanira kuenzana nedaro remufananidzo (s'). Kureba kwemufananidzo ndiko kureba kuri pakati pelenzi nenzvimbo apo mwenje weziso unodzorwa unopindirana. Nzvimbo apo mwenje wechiedza unopindirana neretina. Saka zvinogona kugumiswa kuti kana ziso rikaona chinhu chiri kure kusingagumi, kutenderera kwelenzi yeziso kunova kwakati sandara kusvika kureba kwelenzi (f) kwaenzana nedaro riri pakati pelenzi yeziso neretina. Mwenje wechiedza unofanira kuenzana neretina kuitira kuti chiedza chigone kushandurwa kuita zviratidzo zvemagetsi nemasero etsinga muretina uye wozoendeswa kuuropi netsinga yemaziso.
Zvinotevera humbowo hwemasvomhu hwekuti sei kana daro (s) rechinhu riri kure zvakanyanya kana kuti kana chinhu chacho chikafungidzirwa kuti chiri kure zvisingaperi, kureba kwefocal kwelenzi (f) kunofanira kunge kwakafanana nedaro remufananidzo (s'). Hukama huripo pakati perefu refocal (f), daro (s) rechinhu uye daro remufananidzo (s') hunoratidzwa kuburikidza ne equation inotevera.
1/f = 1/s + 1/s' โโ Equation 1
Chidimbu cheziso igirazi rinoungana, saka urefu hwefocal (f) hwakanaka. Daro rechinhu (s) harina muganho, saka tsiva daro rechinhu (s) muequation 1 nechiratidzo cheinfinity.
1/f = 1/~ + 1/s'
1/f = 0 + 1/s'
1/f = 1/s'
s' = f โโ Equation 2
Equation 2 inoratidza kuti mu lenzi inoungana kana lenzi yakatenderedza, kana daro rechinhu risina muganho saka urefu hwe focal (f) hwakafanana nedaro remufananidzo (s').
Kure kweChinhu Chapedyo Kwazvo
Ko kana chinhu chiri pedyo neziso? Lenzi yakakombama inogona kuumba mifananidzo chaiyo neyechokwadi. Mufananidzo chaiwo unogadzirwa nelenzi yakakombama kana daro rechinhu (s) riri guru kupfuura urefu hwelenzi (f). Izvi zvakurukurwa munyaya iyi. mufananidzo wegirazi re convex.
Zvakatsanangurwa kare kuti chinhu chiri pedyo icho ziso rakajairika rinogona kutarisa zvakanaka i25 cm. Saka, kureba kwefocal kunofanira kunge kuri pasi pe25 cm. Hazvifanirwewo kuva 25 cm nekuti dai zvakadaro, mufananidzo waizova usingaverengeki, izvo zvisina musoro tichifunga nezvehukuru hudiki hwepupi.
Kuverenga kuti ufungidzire urefu hwe focal (f) hwe eye lens system:
1/f = 1/s + 1/s' โโ Equation 1
Nzvimbo iri pedyo neziso rakajairika i25 cm, saka daro riri pedyo nechinhu i25 cm. Daro riri pakati pe cornea neziso i2,5 cm. Mufananidzo unoonekwa wakajeka kana chiedza chikawira pa retina, saka daro riri pakati pe cornea ne lenzi rinoonekwa sedaro remufananidzo (s').
1/f = 1/s + 1/s'
1/f = 1/25 + 1/2,5 = 1/25 + 10/25 = 11/25
f = 25/11
f = 2,27 cm
Musiyano uripo pakati pedaro remufananidzo (s') nedaro refocal (f) i2,5 cm - 2,27 cm = 0,23 cm. Zvichibva pamhedzisiro yekuverenga iri pamusoro, zvinogona kugumiswa kuti daro refocal (f) idiki pane daro remufananidzo (s'). Poindi yeziso iri 0,23 cm kuruboshwe rwepoindi yemufananidzo kana retina.
Lenzi yeziso inobatana, saka mufananidzo unoumbwa pa retina, kunyangwe uri wechokwadi, wakapinduka. Kunyangwe mufananidzo uri pa retina wakapinduka, tsinga dzeuropi dzinoita kuti umire zvakanaka. Izvi zvingatsanangurwa sei? ๐
Mienzaniso yemibvunzo nezvezvishandiso zvemaziso zvinoonekwa
1. EBTANAS-SMP-01-15
Tsananguro yekuumbwa kwemufananidzo muzvirema zvemaziso zve myopic ndeye...
Kukurukurirana
Kuona zviri pedyo kana kuti myopia chirwere chemaziso chinokonzerwa nekuona kwemaziso apo ziso harigone kuona zvinhu zviri kure zvakajeka.
Chinokonzera kusaona zvakanaka i cornea-lens system yakakombama (chikamu chakatambanuka cheziso chakareba zvakanyanya) zvekuti kureba kwe cornea-lens system kunoderedzwa, zvichiita kuti mwaranzi yechiedza inobva kunzvimbo dziri kure iendeswe mberi kwe retina. Mwaranzi yechiedza isingaperi haiendeswe pa retina kuitira kuti masero etsinga ari mu retina asakwanise kushandura mafungu echiedza kuita zviratidzo zvemagetsi zvinotumirwa kuuropi.
Mhinduro chaiyo ndeiyi B.
2. EBTANAS-SMP-02-15
Kuumbwa kwemimvuri muvanhu vane myopia kunoratidzwa mumufananidzo chaiwo...
Kukurukurirana
Kuona zviri pedyo kana kuti myopia chirwere chemaziso chinokonzerwa nekuona kwemaziso apo ziso harigone kuona zvinhu zviri kure zvakajeka.
Chinokonzera kusaona zvakanaka i cornea-lens system yakakombama (chikamu chakatambanuka cheziso chakareba zvakanyanya) zvekuti kureba kwe cornea-lens system kunoderedzwa, zvichiita kuti mwaranzi yechiedza inobva kunzvimbo dziri kure iendeswe mberi kwe retina. Mwaranzi yechiedza isingaperi haiendeswe pa retina kuitira kuti masero etsinga ari mu retina asakwanise kushandura mafungu echiedza kuita zviratidzo zvemagetsi zvinotumirwa kuuropi.
Mhinduro chaiyo ndiC.
