Tātai Āhuatanga
Ko te kaha ā-papa tētahi o ngā āhuatanga taiao tino taketake, tino nui hoki i roto i te ahupūngao. Ko te kaha tēnei e kukume ana i ngā mea e rua o tētahi papatipu ki a rātou anō. I akohia tuatahitia te ariā o te kaha ā-papa e Tā Isaac Newton i te rautau 17, ā, mai i taua wā, kua tino whanake haere tō tātou māramatanga ki te kaha ā-papa, me ngā takoha nui mai i te ariā whānui a Albert Einstein. Ka arotakehia e tēnei tuhinga te ariā o te kaha ā-papa, te tauira taketake a Newton mō te kaha ā-papa, me te whanaketanga o te ariā o te kaha ā-papa i roto i te wā.
Te Mārama ki te Āhuatanga o te Ao
Ko te kaha ā-papatipu te kaha kukume e puta ana i waenganui i ngā mea e rua he papatipu. Ko tēnei kaha te take o ngā āhuatanga taiao maha, pērā i te hinganga o ngā mea ki te whenua, te nekehanga o ngā aorangi huri noa i te rā, me te hanganga o ngā hanganga ao whānui. Ahakoa ko te kaha ā-papatipu tētahi o ngā kaha matua e whā o te ao whānui, koia te mea ngoikore rawa atu ki te whakataurite ki te kaha karihi kaha, te kaha karihi ngoikore, me te kaha hikohiko. Heoi, he mutunga kore te toronga o te kaha ā-papatipu, ā, he mea tino nui ki te ao whānui.
Te Ture o te Āhuatanga o te Ao a Newton
Ko te tātai tino rongonui mō te kaha ā-papa ko te Ture a Newton mō te Kaha ā-Papa Ao, e kī ana ko te kaha ā-papa i waenga i ngā mea e rua he rite tonu ki te hua o ō rāua papatipu, ā, he rite whakamuri ki te tapawhā o te tawhiti i waenga i ō rāua pokapū papatipu. Mā te pāngarau, ka whakaatuhia tēnei tātai penei:
\[ F = G \frac{m_1 \cdot m_2}{r^2} \]
Kei hea:
– Ko te kaha ā-papatipu i waenganui i ngā mea e rua (Newton, N) te \( F \),
– Ko te pūmau ā-papatipu ā-ao a \( G \) (\( 6.67430 \times 10^{-11} \, \text{Nm}^2/\text{kg}^2 \)),
– Ko \( m_1 \) me \( m_2 \) ngā taumaha o ngā mea e rua (kirokaramu, kg),
– Ko te \( r \) te tawhiti i waenganui i ngā pokapū papatipu o ngā mea e rua (mita, m).
Pūmau Ā-Toi Ao (G)
He iti rawa te pūmau ā-papatipu ao, \( G \), ā, he uaua ki te ine me te tino tika. Heoi, ko te ine angitu tuatahi i mahia e Henry Cavendish i te tau 1798. Ko tana whakamātautau, e mōhiotia ana ko te "whakamātautau Cavendish," i whakamahi i te hihi torsion hei ine i te kaha iti rawa i waenga i ngā papatipu e mōhiotia ana.
Te Whakamahinga o te Tātai Āhuatanga Taumaha a Newton
He maha ngā whakamahinga nui o te ture a Newton mō te kaha ā-papatipu. Ko tētahi o ēnei ko te tatau i te taumaha o ngā mea i runga i te mata o te Ao. Ko te taumaha te kaha kaha ā-papatipu e pā ana ki te papatipu o tētahi mea. Ko te tātai mō te tatau i te taumaha (W) ko:
\[ W = m \cdot g \]
Kei hea:
– Ko te taumaha o te mea (Newton, N) ko \( W \),
– Ko te taumaha o te mea (kirokaramu, kg) ko te \( m \),
– Ko te \( g \) te whakaterenga nā te kaha ā-papa i runga i te Ao (tata ki te \( 9.8 \, \text{m/s}^2 \) i runga i te mata o te Ao).
Ka whakamahia hoki tēnei ture hei tatau i ngā porowhita o ngā aorangi, ngā marama, me ngā amiorangi horihori. I roto i te horopaki o te arorangi, mā tēnei tātai ka taea e tātou te mārama ki te taunekeneke a ngā aorangi tetahi ki tetahi me ō rātou whetū.
Ngā Here o te Ture Ā-papa o Newton
Ahakoa he tino whai hua, he tika hoki te Ture a Newton mō te Āhuatanga Ao Whānui i roto i ngā āhuatanga maha, he herenga anō ōna e puta ake ana i raro i ētahi āhuatanga. Ko tētahi o aua herenga kei runga i ngā tauine ao whānui rawa atu, i roto rānei i ngā mara ā-āhuatanga tino kaha, pērā i te tata ki ngā pōro pango. I roto i ēnei āhuatanga, ka whakaratohia e te ariā whānui a Albert Einstein he whakaahuatanga tika ake mō te ā-ahuatanga.
Te Ariā Whānui o te Whakawhanaungatanga a Einstein
I te tau 1915, i whakaarohia e Albert Einstein tana ariā whānui mō te whanaungatanga, ā, i hurihia ai tō tātou māramatanga ki te kaha ā-papatipu. I roto i tēnei ariā, ehara te kaha ā-papatipu i te kaha e mahi ana i waenga i ngā papatipu, engari he hua o te piko o te wāhi-wā i puta mai i te papatipu me te pūngao. Ko te tauira taketake o te whanaungatanga whānui ko te whārite mara a Einstein:
\[ R_{\mu\nu} – \frac{1}{2} R g_{\mu\nu} + \Lambda g_{\mu\nu} = \frac{8\pi G}{c^4} T_{\mu\nu} \]
Kei hea:
– Ko te tensor Ricci a \( R_{\mu\nu} \) e whakaahua ana i te piko o te wāhi-wā,
– Ko te tauine Ricci te \( R \),
– Ko te \( g_{\mu\nu} \) te tensor ine e tautuhi ana i te āhua o te wāhi-wā,
– Ko te pūmau aorangi te \( \Lambda \),
– Ko te pūmau ā-papatipu te \( G \),
– Ko te tere o te mārama i roto i te korehau te \( c \),
– Ko \( T_{\mu\nu} \) te tensor pūngao-nekehanga e whakaahua ana i te tohatoha o te pūngao me te nekehanga i roto i te wāhi-wā.
Mā te ariā whānui o te whanaungatanga ka taea e tātou te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga rerekē kāore e taea e te ture ā-papatipu a Newton te whakamārama, pērā i te arotahi ā-papatipu, te hekenga o te porowhita o Mercury, me te whānui o te ao. E tohu ana hoki i te noho o ngā ngaru ā-papatipu, i kitea tuatahitia e te Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) i te tau 2015.
Ngā Kitenga me ngā Whanaketanga o Nāianei
Ko te kitenga o ngā ngaru ā-papa tētahi o ngā whakatutukitanga nui rawa atu o te ahupūngao hou, e whakarato ana i ngā taunakitanga tika mō tētahi o ngā matapae matua o te ariā whānui o te whanaungatanga. Mā tēnei kitenga ka huaki he matapihi hou ki te ao whānui me te ako i ngā kaupapa nui o te ao, pērā i ngā tukinga i waenga i ngā pōro pango me ngā whetū niutron.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, e whakaatu ana ngā rangahau mō te mea pōuri me te pūngao pōuri, tera pea he āhuatanga anō kei roto i te kaha ā-papa kāore anō kia tino mārama. Ko te āhua nei ko te mea pōuri me te pūngao pōuri te mea nui rawa atu i te ao whānui, engari kāore e tukuna, e mimiti rānei i te mārama, ā, he uaua ki te kite tika i a rātou. Heoi anō, ka taea te kite i ngā pānga kaha ā-papauri o te mea pōuri mā te arotahi kaha ā-papauri me te nekehanga o ngā tupuni whetu.
Whakamutunga
Ko te ture o te kaha ā-papa tētahi o ngā ariā tino taketake me te mea nui o te ahupūngao, e whakarerekē ana i te huarahi e mārama ai tātou ki te ao whānui. Mai i te ture a Newton mō te kaha ā-papa ki te ariā whānui a Einstein, kua tino whanake haere tō tātou māramatanga ki te kaha ā-papa. Kei te wero tonu ngā rangahau me ngā kitenga hou i tō tātou māramatanga, e whakahōhonu ake ana hoki, e whakatakoto ana i te ara mō ngā kitenga ā-muri. He mara rangahau tino pukumahi, whakahihiri tonu te kaha ā-papa, ā, he maha ngā mea ngaro kāore anō kia whakatauhia.
