Te Whakarōpūtanga o ngā Mea Ora

Ko te whakarōpūtanga o ngā mea ora ko te tukanga whakarōpū i ngā rauropi i runga i ō rātou āhuatanga ōrite me ngā rerekētanga. Ko te kaupapa matua o tēnei whakarōpūtanga he mārama ki ngā whanaungatanga whanaketanga i waenga i ngā rauropi me te whakarite i ngā mōhiohio mō te kanorau koiora o Papatūānuku. Ko te pūnaha whakarōpū e whakamahia ana i ēnei rā, e mōhiotia ana ko te taxonomy, kua maha ngā whanaketanga mai i tōna whakaurunga. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te hītori o te whakarōpūtanga o ngā mea ora, ngā pūnaha whakarōpū e whakamahia ana, me te hiranga o te whakarōpūtanga i roto i te koiora.

Hītori o te Whakarōpūtanga o ngā Mea Ora

Mai anō i ngā wā onamata, he kaupapa matua te whakarōpū i ngā mea ora. Ko tētahi o ngā mahi tuatahi i mahia e Aristotle, he tohunga whakaaro Kariki i noho i te rautau 4 BC. I whakarōpūhia e Aristotle ngā mea ora i runga i ō rātou nohoanga me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, pērā i te whenua, te wai, me ngā kararehe o te rangi.

Heoi, i tīmata te whanaketanga o tētahi pūnaha whakarōpūtanga pūnaha ake i te rautau 18 me ngā takoha a Carolus Linnaeus, he tohunga koiora Huitene. I whakaurua mai e Linnaeus te pūnaha whakaingoa rua-ira, e hoatu ana ki ia momo he ingoa pūtaiao e rua ngā wāhanga: te puninga me te momo. Hei tauira, ko te ingoa pūtaiao mō te tangata ko Homo sapiens , ko Homo te puninga, ā, ko sapiens te momo.

I whakawhanakehia hoki e Linnaeus tētahi pūnaha whakarōpūtanga whakarōpū e uru ana ki ētahi taumata whakarōpūtanga: te rangatiratanga, te phylum, te akomanga, te raupapa, te whānau, te puninga, me te momo. Ahakoa kua whakarerekētia, kei te whakamahia tonutia tēnei pūnaha i ēnei rā, ā, e mōhiotia ana ko te pūnaha Linnean.

Pūnaha Whakarōpūtanga Hou

I roto i te pūnaha whakarōpūtanga o ēnei rā, ka whakarōpūhia ngā mea ora e ai ki te whakarōpūtanga Linnean, me te tāpiri i ngā kāwai hou e whakaata ana i te māramatanga pai ake ki ngā whanaungatanga whanaketanga i waenga i ngā rauropi. Ko ngā taumata matua o te whakarōpūtanga o ngā mea ora e whai ake nei:

1. DomainKoinei te taumata teitei rawa atu i roto i te pūnaha whakarōpūtanga o ēnei rā. E toru ngā rohe matua: Archaea, Bacteria, me Eukarya. Ko Archaea me Bacteria he mea hanga mai i ngā rauropi prokaryotic (kāore he karihi pūtau), ko Eukarya ia kei roto i ngā rauropi eukaryotic katoa (me te karihi pūtau), tae atu ki ngā protists, ngā harore, ngā tipu, me ngā kararehe.
2. BasileiaKei raro i te rohe, he maha ngā rangatiratanga. Hei tauira, i roto i te rohe Eukarya, e whā ngā rangatiratanga matua: Protista, Harore, Plantae, me Animalia.
3. PhylumHe maha ngā phyla kei roto i ia rangatiratanga (ngā wehenga rānei i roto i te horopaki o ngā tipu). Hei tauira, kei roto i te rangatiratanga Animalia te phyla Chordata (kei roto ko ngā vertebrates) me te Arthropoda (kei roto ko ngā pepeke me ngā pāpaka).
4. ClassKua wehea ia momo ki ētahi akomanga. Hei tauira, i roto i te momo Chordata, kei reira ngā akomanga Mammalia (ngā kararehe mama), Aves (ngā manu), Reptilia (ngā ngārara), me ētahi atu.
5. OrderKua wehea anō ia akomanga ki ētahi momo kararehe. Hei tauira, i roto i te akomanga Mammalia, kei reira ngā momo Primates, Carnivora, me ētahi atu.
6. FamilyKua wehea ia ota ki ētahi whānau. Hei tauira, i roto i te ota Primates, kei reira te whānau Hominidae (kei roto ko te tangata me ngā makimaki nunui).
7. puningaKua wehea ia whānau ki ētahi momo ira. Hei tauira, i roto i te whānau Hominidae, kei reira ngā momo Homo (kei roto ko te tangata) me Pan (kei roto ko ngā tīmpanī).
8. Nga momoKoinei te taumata tino motuhake o te whakarōpūtanga, ā, kei roto ko ngā tāngata ka taea te hono tahi me te whakaputa uri momona. Hei tauira, Homo sapiens he momo mō ngā tāngata o ēnei rā.

Te Hiranga o te Whakarōpū i ngā Mea Ora

He maha ngā painga nui o te whakarōpūtanga o ngā mea ora i roto i te koiora me ngā mahi whaihua:

1. Te Whakahaere MōhiohioMā te whakarōpū i ngā rauropi i runga i ō rātou āhuatanga ōrite, ka āwhina te whakarōpūtanga ki te whakarite me te whakarite pūnaha i ngā mōhiohio mō te kanorau koiora. Mā tēnei ka māmā ake te ako me te mārama ki ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā rauropi rerekē.
2. Te Tāutuhi me te Whakawhitiwhiti KōreroMā te rite tonu o ngā ingoa pūtaiao ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao o te ao te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero mārama mō tētahi momo motuhake me te kore e pōhēhē. Mā te pūnaha whakaingoa rua ka whakarite kia whai ingoa ahurei, e mōhiotia ana i te ao whānui ia momo.
3. Ngā Rangahau WhakawhanaketangaMā te whakarōpūtanga o ngā mea ora ka āwhina i te mārama ki te hītori whanaketanga me ngā whanaungatanga ā-ira i waenga i ngā rauropi. Mā te ako i ngā āhuatanga e tohaina ana e ētahi rōpū, ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te hanga anō i te rākau o te ora me te whai i ngā takenga mai o ngā momo.
4. Te TiakiHe mea nui ngā mōhiotanga mō te whakarōpūtanga me te tohatoha o ngā rauropi mō ngā mahi tiaki taiao. Mā te mōhio ki ngā momo e tata ana ki te ngaro me ō rātou kāinga noho, ka taea e ngā kaitiaki taiao te hanga rautaki hei tiaki i te kanorau koiora.
5. Rongoā me te HauoraHe whakamahinga anō hoki te whakarōpūtanga o ngā mea ora i roto i te rongoā me te hauora. Hei tauira, he mea nui te mārama ki te whakarōpūtanga o ngā huakita me ngā huaketo i roto i te tātaritanga mate me te whakawhanaketanga rongoā.

Ngā Tauira o te Whakarōpūtanga o ngā Mea Ora

Hei tauira, me titiro tātou ki te whakarōpūtanga o te tangata i roto i te horopaki whakarōpū:

• DomainEukarya – He rauropi eukariota te tangata, he pūtau kei a rātou ngā karihi.
• BasileiaKararehe – He kararehe te tangata nā te mea kei a tātou te kaha ki te neke me te kai i ētahi atu rauropi.
• PhylumKōtarata – Kei roto te tangata i tēnei rōpū nā te mea he tuaiwi tō tātou.
• ClassNgā Mamā – He mamā ngā tāngata nā te mea he makawe, he repe ū hoki ō tātou.
• OrderNgā Pīkau – He pīkau ngā tāngata, ā, he āhuatanga ō rātou pērā i te nekeneke o ngā maihao, ngā kanohi e anga whakamua ana, me te roro nui.
• FamilyHominidae – Nō tēnei whānau ngā tāngata, tae atu ki ngā makimaki nunui pērā i ngā gorila me ngā tīmpanī.
• puningaHomo – Kei roto i tēnei puninga ngā tāngata o ēnei rā me ētahi whanaunga tangata kua ngaro.
• Nga momoHomo sapiens – Te momo tangata o ēnei rā.

Ngā Whanaketanga ā-Mārama o te Whakarōpūtanga

Kei te whanake tonu te whakarōpūtanga o ngā mea ora me ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau me te rangahau. Nā te tātari ira me te koiora ngota i whakatakoto te huarahi mō te māramatanga hohonu ake ki ngā whanaungatanga whanaketanga i waenga i ngā rauropi. Ko ngā tikanga hou pēnei i te tātari ira me te proteomic e whakarato ana i ngā raraunga tika ake, ā, ka taea hoki te whakahou i ngā pūnaha whakarōpū o nāianei.

Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, nā ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau mōhiohio me te hangarau koiora kua āwhina i te whakahaere me te tātari i ngā raraunga koiora nui. Nā tēnei i āwhina te waihanga i tētahi pātengi raraunga ā-ao e wātea ana ki ngā kairangahau o te ao katoa.

I te aroaro o ngā wero o te ao pēnei i te huringa āhuarangi me te ngaronga o ngā nohoanga, kei te piki haere te hiranga o te māramatanga hōhonu ki te kanorau koiora me tōna whakarōpūtanga. Ko ngā mahi tiaki taiao whai hua me mōhio tika ki ngā momo me ngā pūnaha rauropi o nāianei.

Whakamutunga

He wāhanga nui o te koiora te whakarōpūtanga o ngā mea ora, e āwhina ana i a tātou ki te mārama me te whakarite i te kanorau koiora o te Ao. Mai i te pūnaha māmā i whakaurua mai e Aristotle ki ngā pūnaha uaua, i ahu mai i te ira e whakamahia ana i ēnei rā, kua whanake te whakarōpūtanga hei whakaata i tō tātou māramatanga hohonu ki te ora. Mā te whakarōpūtanga, e kore e taea e tātou te ako noa i te hītori whanaketanga me ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā rauropi engari ka taea hoki te whakatakoto rautaki hei tiaki me te pupuri i te taonga o te taiao.