Te Ture o te Pūngao me tōna Huringa
He ariā taketake te pūngao i roto i te ahupūngao e whai wāhi nui ana ki ngā āhuatanga maha o tō tātou oranga. Kāore ngā ture o te pūngao me tōna huringa e pā ana ki te tauine nui anake, pērā i ngā miihini me ngā tipu hiko, engari ki te tauine iti hoki, pērā i ngā tauhohenga matū me ngā tukanga koiora. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā mātāpono taketake o ngā ture pūngao, ngā momo pūngao, me te āhua o te huringa o te pūngao i roto i ngā pūnaha maha.
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o te Ture Pūngao
E arotahi ana ngā ture pūngao ki ngā mātāpono matua e rua: te Ture Tiaki Pūngao me te Ture Tuarua o te Thermodynamics.
Te Ture Tiaki Pūngao
E ai ki te Ture Tiaki Pūngao, kāore e taea te waihanga, te whakangaro rānei i te pūngao, engari ka taea anake te whakarerekē mai i tētahi āhua ki tētahi atu. Mā te pāngarau, ko te kīnga o tēnei ture ko:
\[ E_{\kuputuhi{tapeke}} = \kuputuhi{pūmau} \]
Ko te tikanga o tēnei, i roto i tētahi pūnaha kati, ka noho tonu te nui katoa o te pūngao, ahakoa ka taea e te pūngao te huri i te āhua, hei tauira, mai i te pūngao nekeneke ki te pūngao pūmanawa, mai i te pūngao hiko ki te pūngao wera rānei.
Ture Tuarua o te Thermodynamics
Ko te Ture Tuarua o te Thermodynamics e whakauru ana i te ariā o te entropy, he ine i te koretake, te pōrearea rānei i roto i tētahi pūnaha. E kī ana tēnei ture i roto i tētahi tukanga taiao, ka piki tonu te entropy katoa o te pūnaha me ōna taiao. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ka marara noa te pūngao, ā, e kore e taea te huri i te pūngao katoa o tētahi pūnaha hei mahi whai hua me te kore e ngaro te pūngao i roto i te āhua o te wera.
Ngā Momo Pūngao
He maha ngā āhua o te pūngao, he āhua motuhake, he tikanga hurihanga anō hoki tō ia āhua. Anei ētahi o ngā momo pūngao e tino kitea ana:
Pūngao Kinetic
Ko te pūngao nekeneke te pūngao e mau ana i tētahi mea e neke ana. Ka taea te tatau i te nui o te pūngao nekeneke mā te whakamahi i te tātai:
\[ E_k = \frac{1}{2}mv^2 \]
ko \(m\) te papatipu o te mea, ā, ko \(v\) te tere o te mea.
Pūngao Pūmanawa
Ko te pūngao pūmanawa te pūngao kei roto i tētahi mea nā tōna tūranga, nā tōna āhua rānei. Hei tauira, ka tatauhia te pūngao pūmanawa ā-papa mā te whakamahi i te tātai:
\[ E_p = mgh \]
ko \(m\) te papatipu o te mea, ko \(g\) te whakaterenga nā te kaha ā-papatipu, ā, ko \(h\) te teitei o te mea mai i te pūwāhi tohutoro.
Pūngao Wera
Ko te pūngao wera te pūngao kei roto i tētahi mea nā tōna pāmahana. Ka puta mai i te nekehanga matapōkere o ngā ngota i roto i te mea.
Pūngao Matū
Ko te pūngao matū te pūngao e rongoatia ana i roto i ngā hononga matū i waenga i ngā ngota me ngā ngota. Ko ngā tauira tino noa o te pūngao matū ko ngā wahie pēnei i te penehīni me te kai e kainga ana e tātou.
Pūngao Hiko
Ko te pūngao hiko he pūngao e puta mai ana i te rere o te utu hiko mā roto i tētahi kaiārahi hiko. He maha ngā wā ka hurihia tēnei pūngao ki ētahi atu momo pūngao pērā i te pūngao wera, te pūngao mārama, te pūngao miihini rānei.
Pūngao Karihi
Ko te pūngao karihi te pūngao e tukuna ana i ngā tauhohenga karihi, ahakoa he hanumitanga (te hononga o ngā karihi) he wehenga rānei (te wehenga o ngā karihi). He nui te kaha o tēnei pūngao, ā, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā tipu hiko karihi.
Te Huringa Pūngao
Ko te hurihanga pūngao te tukanga o te whakawhiti pūngao mai i tētahi āhua ki tētahi atu. He mea nui tēnei tukanga ki ngā hangarau hou, ā, e whakamahia ana i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā tono, mai i te whakaputa hiko ki ngā taputapu hiko me ngā waka. Anei ētahi tauira o te hurihanga pūngao:
Te Hurihanga o te Pūngao Mīhini ki te Pūngao Hiko
He taputapu te whakaputa hiko e huri ana i te pūngao miihini ki te pūngao hiko. Ko tōna mātāpono mahi e ahu mai ana i te ture a Faraday mō te whakapūngao hikohiko, arā, ko te hurihanga o te papa aukume i roto i te koiri waea ka puta he iahiko hiko.
Te Hurihanga o te Pūngao Hiko ki te Pūngao Mīhini
He taputapu te mōtini hiko e huri ana i te pūngao hiko hei pūngao miihini. Ka whakahaerehia mā te kaha aukume e whakaputaina ana e te iahiko hiko e rere ana i roto i te koiri waea.
Te Hurihanga o te Pūngao Matū ki te Pūngao Wera
Ko te tahunga te tukanga e hurihia ai te pūngao matū i roto i te wahie hei pūngao wera. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia tēnei tukanga i roto i ngā miihini tahunga ā-roto e whakakaha ana i ngā waka.
Te Hurihanga o te Pūngao Wera ki te Pūngao Mīhini
He tauira matarohia te mīhini mamaoa mō te huri i te pūngao wera ki te pūngao miihini. I roto i te mīhini mamaoa, ka whakamahanahia te wai kia huri rā anō hei mamaoa, kātahi ka panaia he piston, he tāpine rānei hei mahi miihini.
Te Hurihanga o te Pūngao Rā ki te Pūngao Hiko
Ka hurihia tika te pūngao o te rā e ngā panera rā hei pūngao hiko mā te pānga photovoltaic. He mea hanga ngā pūtau rā i ngā rauemi haurua-ira e mimiti ana i ngā photon mai i te rā, ka tukuna ngā irahiko, ka puta he iahiko hiko.
Te Hurihanga o te Pūngao Hiko ki te Pūngao Mārama
Ka hurihia e ngā pūangi rama kōhatu me ngā pūangi rama LED te pūngao hiko hei pūngao mārama. Ka mahi ngā pūangi rama kōhatu mā te whakamahana i te miro kia tiaho rā anō, ko ngā pūangi rama LED ia ka whakamahi i ngā haurua-ira hei tuku mārama ina rere te iahiko hiko mā roto i a rātou.
Te Whai Hua o te Huringa Pūngao
Ko te whai huatanga o te hurihanga pūngao he mehua mō te whai huatanga o te hurihanga pūngao mai i tētahi āhua ki tētahi atu āhua i roto i tētahi tukanga. Ka whakaatuhia te whai huatanga hei ōrau, ā, ka tatauhia mā te whakataurite i te putanga pūngao whai hua ki te katoa o te whakaurunga pūngao. Mā te pāngarau:
\[ \text{Pūngao} = \left( \frac{\text{Pūngao Whai Hua}}{\text{Pūngao Katoa}} \right) \whakareatia ki te 100\% \]
Kāore he huringa pūngao e 100% te whai hua nā te mea he maha tonu ngā ngaronga pūngao, ko te nuinga he wera. Hei tauira, ko te whai huatanga o te miihini tahunga ā-roto o te motuka he 25-30% noa iho, ko te whai huatanga o te panera rā he 15-20%.
Ngā Pānga Taiao o te Huringa Pūngao
He pānga nui tō ngā tukanga whakawhiti pūngao, inā koa ko ngā mea e whakamahi ana i ngā wahie pūmua, ki te taiao. Mā te tahu i ngā wahie pūmua ka puta he tukunga hau kati kōtuhi pērā i te CO2, e whai wāhi ana ki te mahana o te ao me te huringa āhuarangi. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e ngā poke hau pērā i te SO2 me te NO2 te whakararu i te hauora me te kino i ngā rauropi.
He rerekē, ko ngā huringa pūngao hou pēnei i te pūngao rā, te hau, me te hiko wai he iti ake te pānga ki te taiao. Heoi, he rerekē ngā wero me ngā pānga o ia hangarau pūngao, pēnei i te whakamahinga whenua mō ngā pāmu pūngao rā me te hau me ngā pānga taiao o te hanganga o ngā tāhuna hiko wai.
Whakamutunga
Ko ngā ture o te pūngao me tōna hurihanga te tūāpapa o ngā hangarau hou maha e whakawhirinakihia ana e tātou i ia rā. Mā te mārama ki ēnei mātāpono taketake ka taea e tātou te whakawhanake i ngā otinga pūngao whai hua ake, pumau ake hoki. I te aroaro o ngā wero pūngao o te ao me te huringa āhuarangi, he mea nui te whakawhiti ki ngā pūtake pūngao whakahou me te whakapiki ake i te whai huatanga o te hurihanga pūngao. Mā te auahatanga hangarau me ngā kaupapa here tika, ka taea e tātou te whakaiti i te pānga ki te taiao, me te whakarite i tētahi puna pūngao haumaru, pumau hoki mō ngā rā kei te heke mai.
