Ariā Photon
Ko te photon tētahi o ngā ariā tino taketake me te tino hira i roto i te ahupūngao o ēnei rā. Ehara i te mea he mea nui tēnei matūriki mō tō tātou māramatanga ki te māramatanga me te hikohiko, engari mō ētahi āhuatanga e puta ana i te ao whānui. Ka tūhuratia hōhonu e tēnei tuhinga he aha te photon, me pēhea te whanaketanga o tō tātou māramatanga ki a ia i roto i te wā, ōna tono i roto i te hangarau, me pēhea te hononga o tēnei ariā ki ētahi atu ariā ā-tinana.
He Kupu Whakataki ki ngā Photon
He whakarāpopototanga noa iho, ko ngā photon he matūriki taketake e hanga ana i te quanta o te papa hikohiko. Ko rātou ngā kaikawe taketake o ngā taunekeneke hikohiko katoa. He whakarāpopototanga noa iho, ko ngā photon ngā matūriki e whakamārama ana i te tukunga o te mārama me ētahi atu irahiko hikohiko. Kāore he papatipu okiokinga o ngā photon, ā, ka tere tonu rātou i te tere o te mārama i roto i te korehau.
I whakaurua tuatahitia te ariā o te photon e Albert Einstein i te tau 1905 i roto i tētahi tuhinga mō te pānga hikohiko. Heoi, i mua i te matapakinga atu, he mea nui kia mārama ki te hītori o te ariā o te mārama tonu.
Hītori me te Whanaketanga o te Māramatanga ki te Māramatanga
Te Wā o te Puoro Matarohia me ngā Ngaru o te Māramatanga
I mua i te rautau 20, i te nuinga o te wā i māramahia te mārama he ngaru. I whakaūtia te ariā ngaru o te mārama e ngā whakamātautau a Thomas Young mō te pokanoa o te mārama i ngā tau tōmua o te rautau 1800. Nō muri mai ka whakaratohia e James Clerk Maxwell he pūtake ariā pakari mō te ariā ngaru me ngā whārite a Maxwell, e whakaatu ana ko te mārama he ngaru hikohiko e horapa ana i te wāhi.
Te Pānga Whakaahua-Hiko me te Putanga Mai o te Ariā Kuantum
I te mutunga o te rautau 19 me te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, i whakaatuhia e tētahi raupapa whakamātautau ētahi āhuatanga kāore i taea te whakamārama e te ariā ngaru tawhito mō te mārama. Ko tētahi o aua āhuatanga ko te pānga hikohiko, arā, ko te pānga o te mārama ki tētahi mata whakarewa ka puta ai ngā irahiko. Kāore i taea e te ariā ngaru tawhito te whakamārama he aha te mārama anake o tētahi auau (teitei ake rānei) ka taea te whakaputa i tēnei āhuatanga.
I te tau 1905, i whakaatu a Albert Einstein he pai ake te whakamārama i tēnei āhuatanga mā te whakaaro ko te mārama he "quanta," arā, he matūriki he pūngao kua whakapūmautia. I whakaaro a Einstein ko te pūngao o ēnei matūriki—i muri mai ka mōhiotia ko ngā photon—he rite tonu ki tō rātou auau. Nā tēnei ariā i whiwhi a Einstein i te Tohu Nobel mō te Ahupūngao i te tau 1921.
Te Takiruatanga o te Ngaru-Matūriki
I kitea e ngā kaipūtaiao i muri mai he āhuatanga kei ngā photon e tohu ana he rite ā rātou whanonga ki ngā matūriki i ētahi whakamātautau, engari i ētahi atu he rite ki ngā ngaru. E mōhiotia ana tēnei āhuatanga ko te takirua ngaru-matūriki.
Ehara i te mea ko te mārama anake te take o tēnei takirua; he āhuatanga ngaru-matūriki anō hoki kei roto i ngā matūriki pēnei i ngā irahiko. E whakamāramahia ana tēnei mātāpono taketake e te Ariā Kuantum, i whakawhanakehia e ngā kaipūtaiao tae atu ki a Niels Bohr, Louis de Broglie, me Werner Heisenberg.
Ngā Photon i roto i te Hangarau Kuantum
I roto i te horopaki o te miihini irahiko, ko te photon he irahiko o te mara hikohiko. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, i runga i te tauine moroiti, me whakaaro ko ngā momo mara hikohiko katoa (pērā i te mārama) he mea tito mai i ngā waeine pūngao taketake, kāore e taea te wehewehe e kiia nei ko ngā photon.
He rite tonu te kaha o te photon ki te auau o te ngaru hikohiko, ā, e homai ana tēnei whanaungatanga e te whārite a Planck:
\[ E = hf \]
Ko te pūmau a Planck te \(h\). Ko te roanga ngaru \(\lambda\) o te mārama me tōna auau e pā ana ki te whārite:
\[ c = \lambda f \]
Ko \(c\) te tere o te mārama i roto i te korehau.
Te Taunekeneke o ngā Photon ki te Matū
He maha ngā tikanga e taunekeneke ai ngā photon me te matū, ko ngā tikanga e toru e tino kitea ana ko te mimiti, te tukunga, me te marara.
1. Ngongo: Ina ngongohia he photon e te ngota, e te ngota rānei, ka whakamahia te pūngao o te photon hei whakaara ake i te taumata pūngao o te irahiko i roto i taua ngota, i taua ngota rānei. Koinei te pūtake o ngā āhuatanga maha, tae atu ki te photosynthesis me te photoelectricity.
2. Tukunga: He rerekē tēnei tukanga i te mimiti. I konei, ka taea e te ngota, te ngota rānei e whakaohokia ana te hoki ki tētahi āhua pūngao iti iho mā te tuku i te photon. Ka taea tēnei tukunga te puta noa mai, te puta rānei i roto i te āhua whakaohokia.
3. Te Marara: I roto i te tukanga marara, ka whakakorikoria ngā photon e ngā matūriki, ā, ka huri te ahunga nekehanga, engari ka noho tonu i roto i te āhua ā-tinana. E rua ngā momo matua o te marara: te rapa (pērā i te marara Rayleigh) me te kore rapa (pērā i te pānga Compton).
Ngā Whakamahinga o te Hangarau Photon
Nā ngā whanaketanga o te māramatanga ki ngā photon kua hua ake ai he maha ngā whanaketanga hangarau, mai i te tino māmā ki te tino uaua.
Ngā Hikohiko Whatu me ngā Whatu Muka
He mea nui te mārama ki ngā photon ki te hangarau muka whatu, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te ipurangi. I roto i tēnei pūnaha, ka whakamahia ngā tohu mārama tino tere hei tuku raraunga, hei whakakapi i ngā tohu hiko i roto i ngā taura parahi tuku iho. Mā tēnei hangarau ka taea te tuku raraunga i ngā tere tino teitei me ngā tawhiti roa me te iti o te pokanoa.
Taiaho
Ko te rēseri (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) he taputapu e whakaputa ana i te mārama piripono me te ahunga mā te whakamahi i te taunekeneke o ngā photon me ngā mea mā te tukunga whakaohooho. He whānuitia ngā whakamahinga o ngā rēseri, tae atu ki te rongoā, te hanga, te rangahau pūtaiao, me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero.
Ngā Paewhiri Rā
Ka whakamahia ngā photon mai i te rā i roto i ngā panera rā hei whakaputa hiko. Ina mimitihia ngā photon e te rauemi haurua-ira i roto i ngā pūtau rā, ka whakaohohia e rātou ngā irahiko, ka hangaia he iahiko hiko. He mea nui tēnei hangarau i roto i te ao pūngao hou.
hihinga
He tikanga te ine-mārama e whakamahia ana hei tātari i te hanganga o ngā rauemi i runga i te whānuitanga o te mārama e tukuna ana e rātou. He tino whai hua tēnei tikanga i roto i te matū, te whetū, me te ahupūngao hei whakatau i te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi rerekē.
Whakamutunga
Kua hurihia e te ariā o te photon tō tātou māramatanga ki te ao whānui. Mai i te māramatanga ki te māramatanga hei ngaru tawhito ki te tirohanga ki a ia hei matūriki kuantum, e whakaata ana tēnei haerenga ariā i te ahunga whakamua pūtaiao whakamiharo. He tūranga matua tā ngā photon i roto i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me ngā hangarau hou, e awe ana i ngā mea katoa mai i ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ki te pūngao hou.
Mā tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā photon ka whakatakoto huarahi mō ētahi atu rangahau i roto i ngā wāhanga pēnei i te rorohiko irahiko me te kawe irahiko, e āhei ana ki te whakarerekē i te āhua o tā tātou taunekeneke ki te ao ā muri ake nei. I te haere tonu o te whanaketanga o te hangarau me te ariā, ko ngā photon tonu te kaupapa matua o te ahupūngao, me te whakaari i ētahi atu kitenga me ngā tono whakahihiri ā muri ake nei.
