Ubuqiniso kanye nokuqokwa kwamagama ku-Metaphysics
Enkundleni enkulu yokucwaninga ngezinto ezingaphili, i-Realism kanye ne-Nominalism kumi njengefilosofi ezimbili eziphakeme ezifaka isandla ekuqondeni kwethu izinto ezikhona, imininingwane, kanye nohlobo lweqiniso. Le mibono ihlukanisa indlela esicabanga ngayo ukuthi kukhona futhi ihlukanise izakhi zomhlaba wethu ngezigaba. Lesi sihloko sifuna ukucacisa lezi zimfundiso ezimbili zefilosofi, silandele intuthuko yazo yomlando, izimpikiswano eziyinhloko ezisekela ngayinye, kanye nemiphumela yazo ezinayo emikhakheni eyahlukene.
Uhlu Lozalo Lobuqiniso Nokuqanjwa Kwamagama
Impikiswano phakathi kobuqiniso kanye nobungaguquki bezinto ezithile isukela emuva eGrisi yasendulo kodwa yathola indawo yayo yokulwa eshubile kakhulu kwifilosofi yasendulo. UPlato umi njengomuntu ongokoqobo ongokoqobo, ethi izinto ezivamile—imiqondo engaqondakali njengobuhle, iqiniso, kanye nobulungiswa—zinokuphila kwangempela nokuzimela ngaphandle kwezibonelo ezithile. Embusweni wakhe weMibono noma Amafomu, izinto ezivamile aziguquki futhi zingunaphakade.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, u-Aristotle wanikeza umbono ongokoqobo ngezinto ezikhona, esikisela ukuthi zikhona kodwa kuphela uma zisekelwe ngokuningiliziwe. Lesi simo sabeka isisekelo salokho okwakuzoguquka kamuva kube "ubuqiniso obulinganiselayo," yize inkolelo eyinhloko yokuba khona okuqondile kwezinto ezikhona yahlala ikhona.
Umehluko omkhulu weza ne-Nominalism, eyathola umvikeli wayo oqinile kusazi sefilosofi sasendulo uWilliam wase-Ockham. U-Ockham wathi ama-universal angamagama nje (ngakho-ke i-Nominalism isuselwa ku-"nomen" yesiLatini yegama) ngaphandle kokuba khona okuzimele. Ku-Ockham, izinto ezithile kuphela ezingokoqobo, kanti ama-universal ayizakhiwo zolimi ezilula ukuchaza izici ezivamile phakathi kwalezi zinto.
Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zobuqiniso
I-Realism ku-metaphysics igomela ngokuthi ama-universal ayizinto zangempela ezikhona ngokuzimela ngaphandle kokuqonda komuntu. Kunezinhlobo eziningana ze-Realism, kodwa izimiso eziyinhloko zijikeleza ebukhoneni obuqondile be-universal:
1. Ukuba khona kwama-Universal: Ama-realistic athi imiqondo efana “nobomvu,” “ubuhle,” noma “ubulungiswa” ikhona ngale kwezikhathi ezithile. Isibonelo, noma ngabe zonke izinto ezibomvu zingabhujiswa, umqondo “wobomvu” ubuzoqhubeka njengekhwalithi yendawo yonke.
2. Ukuqondana Kokuqonda: Ubuqiniso buveza ukuthi ukuqonda komuntu kuhlose ukuthola lezi zinto ezikhona. Ngakho-ke, ulwazi luqukethe ukuhlobana kwangempela phakathi kwemibono yengqondo nezinto ezikhona zangaphandle.
3. Ukuzibophezela Kwe-Ontological: Abantu abakholelwa ezeni bazinikele ku-ontology ecebile. Bakholelwa ukuthi umhlaba esiwubonayo uhlelwe ngendlela lapho izinto ezizungezile zidlala indima ebalulekile ekubunjweni kweqiniso.
Izimpikiswano Zokuthi Ungokoqobo
– Impikiswano evela ku-Commonality: Abantu abakholelwa ezintweni ezingokoqobo bakhomba izici ezivamile phakathi kwemininingwane. Uma izinto eziningana zibomvu, kumelwe kube nokuthile okuvamile—ububomvu—ngale kwezinto ngokwazo.
– Usizo Lwesayensi: Ubuqiniso buvame ukuhambisana nemibono yesayensi encike ezintweni ezijwayelekile. Isibonelo, ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nemithetho yemvelo kuncike ekucabangeni kwezakhiwo nobudlelwano obuhlanganyelwe.
– Isiko Lefilosofi: Ngokomlando, ubuqiniso buthola amandla emasikweni alo efilosofi amade, abuyela emuva kuPlato futhi aqiniswa ngabantu abanjengo-Augustine, u-Aquinas, kanye noBertrand Russell muva nje.
Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zokuqokwa Kwamagama
I-Nominalism iyakuphika ukuba khona okuzimele kwezinto ezikhona emhlabeni wonke, ithi imininingwane kuphela engokoqobo. Izici ezibalulekile ze-Nominalism zifaka:
1. Ukwenqatshwa Kwezinhlangano Ezivamile: Abantu abaqamba amagama bathi izinto ezivamile azizona izinto ezikhona ngaphandle kwemiqondo yethu. Amagama anjengokuthi “ububomvu” amane nje ayizindlela ezilula zokubhekisela emaqenjini ezinto ngazinye ezinezakhiwo ezifanayo.
2. Umnotho we-Ontology: Ngokuvamile banamathela ku-Ockham's Razor—ukungazandisi izinto ezingaphezu kwesidingo—Ababhali bamagama bakhetha uhlaka lwe-ontological oluthanda kakhulu. Lokhu kubhekwa njengendlela yokugwema imithwalo engadingekile yezinto eziphilayo.
3. Ukungabaza Nge-Epistemological: Abantu abasebenzisa amagama athile bayangabaza ikhono lomuntu lokuqonda izinto ezingabonakali. Kunalokho, bakholelwa ukuthi ulwazi lwethu lusekelwe ekuqapheleni imininingwane.
Izimpikiswano Zokuqokwa Kwamagama
– Impikiswano Yezilimi: Abaqambi bamagama bathi ulimi lwenza kube lula ubunzima bomhlaba ngokuhlanganisa izinto ezithile. Igama elithi “ikati” alisho ‘ubuqambi’ obungacacile kodwa liyilebula esilisebenzisela wonke amakati ngamanye.
– I-Ockham's Razor: Isimiso sezomnotho we-ontological siyisisekelo esiyinhloko ku-Nominalism. Ngokusho izinto ezimbalwa ohlakeni lwayo, i-Nominalism ivame ukuhambisana nezimiso zesayensi zokulula nokuhlolwa.
– Inkinga Yezinto Ezingaqondakali: Abantu abaqamba amagama bathi izinto ezingabonakali, njengoba zingezona ezemvelo, zibangela izinkinga ekuqondeni kwethu ukuba khona. Njengoba izinto ezijwayelekile zingabonakali noma zingalinganiswa ngokuqondile, amandla azo okuchaza ayangabazeka.
Imiphumela Yemikhakha Ehlukahlukene
Ubuqiniso kanye nokuQonda amagama kwandisa ithonya lazo ngale kakhulu kwe-metaphysics emsulwa futhi kungena kwezinye izindawo zefilosofi, isayensi, ngisho nemfundiso yenkolo.
1. I-Epistemology: Ubuqiniso busekela ulwazi oluqondile, okusho ukuthi ukufunda kanye nophenyo kuhlose ukuqonda izinto ezijwayelekile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubunjalo busikisela ukuthi ulwazi luyiqoqo lokubona mayelana nemininingwane.
2. Isayensi Nezibalo: Ubuqiniso besayensi bucabanga ukuthi kukhona imithetho yendawo yonke elawula izimo. Kuzibalo, amaPlato abheka izinombolo kanye nezibalo zejiyometri njengezikhona endaweni engabonakali, kanti amaNominalist azibona njengezinto ezakhiwe ngabantu.
3. Imfundiso Yenkolo: Impikiswano phakathi kobuqiniso kanye nobugama budlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni imfundiso yenkolo yasendulo. Amasiko emfundiso yenkolo yobuqiniso agcizelela ukuba khona kwezinhlobo zaphezulu zomhlaba wonke, kuyilapho imfundiso yenkolo yobugama ithambekele ekuchazeni imiyalo yaphezulu ngendlela ekhethekile.
4. Ulimi kanye neSemantics: Kwezolimi, umbono weRealist usekela umqondo wohlelo lolimi olujwayelekile, obekwe nguNoam Chomsky, ophakamisa ukuthi isakhiwo solimi sibonisa izakhiwo zomcabango ezingaphakathi. Ukubiza amagama kungaphikisana ngokuthi ulimi luyithuluzi eliguquguqukayo elenziwe futhi laguqulwa ngemithetho yezenhlalo.
Isiphetho
I-Realism kanye ne-Nominalism zimelela izimpendulo eziyisisekelo nezihlukene kweminye yemibuzo emidala kakhulu ku-metaphysics. I-Realism isekela ukuba khona okuqondile kwezinto ezikhona emhlabeni, izibheka njengezinsika zokuqonda kwethu umhlaba. I-Nominalism, ngokuphambene, igcizelela ukubaluleka kwemininingwane futhi ibheka izinto ezikhona emhlabeni njengezinto ezilula zolimi kunokuba kube amaqiniso e-ontological.
Impikiswano eqhubekayo phakathi kwala mafilosofi amabili iyaqhubeka nokubumba umcabango wesimanje, isebenza njengesisekelo sefilosofi lapho imibono mayelana nokuba khona, ulwazi, kanye neqiniso ivivinywa futhi ihlanzwa khona ngokungapheli. Ekugcineni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu uthambekele ku-Realism noma ku-Nominalism, ukuzibandakanya nale mibono kuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu uhlobo oluyisisekelo lweqiniso kanye nokulwela kwengqondo ukuliqonda.
