Izinto Zokushaja Zikagesi
Sicela ubheke enye yezinto ezikuzungezile. Uma ubhubhisa into, isibonelo idwala, idwala lizohlukana libe yizicucu eziningana ezincane. Uma idwala liphinda lichotshozwa, idwala lizophenduka libe yizicucu ezincane kakhulu. Kuthiwani uma izicucu zamadwala ziphinda zichotshozwa? Yiqiniso, izicucu zamadwala zichotshozwa futhi ziguqulwe zibe yizicucu ezincane kakhulu. Ingabe amatshe angahlukaniswa abe yizicucu ezincane kakhulu aze angabi namkhawulo? Iqiniso libonisa ukuthi noma iyiphi into uma ihlukaniswe yaba yizicucu ezincane izofika endaweni lapho ingxenye encane kakhulu yento ingeke ihlukaniswe ibe yizicucu ezincane. Ingxenye encane kakhulu yento engenakuhlukaniswa ibizwa ngokuthi i-athomu. Ngakho-ke i-athomu yingxenye encane kakhulu yazo zonke izinto endaweni yonke.
Ukushaja Kukagesi Kuma-Athomu
Ama-athomu akhiwa ama-electron, ama-proton, nama-neutron. Ama-proton nama-neutron akha i-nucleus ye-athomu, engaba amamitha ayi -10-15 . Ama-electron atholakala ngaphandle kwe-nucleus futhi ayizungeza njengamaplanethi azungeza ilanga. Uma sicabanga ukuthi ububanzi be-athomu bungamakhilomitha amaningana, i-nucleus icishe ibe usayizi webhola le-billiard, kanti ama-electron atholakala ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus, afinyelela ibanga elingamamitha ayi-10-10 . Phakathi kwe-nucleus ne-electron kukhona isikhala esingenalutho.
Ama-electron ashajeke kabi atholakala emaphethelweni e-athomu, kanti ama-proton ashajeke kahle atholakala kuyi-nucleus. Ukuze ama-electron agcine ejikeleza i-nucleus futhi angaphumi e-athomu, i-nucleus eshajeke kahle kumele isebenzise amandla akhangayo kuma-electron. La mandla, agcina ama-electron ejikeleza i-nucleus futhi awavimbele ukuba aphume, abizwa ngokuthi amandla kagesi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus ye-athomu kukhona ama-proton ashajelwe kahle, ngakho-ke ayaxoshana ngokwemvelo ngoba anokushaja okufanayo. Ukuze ama-proton agcine ndawonye ku-nucleus ye-athomu futhi awavimbele ekuhlukaneni ne-athomu, amandla kumele awabambe ndawonye. Amandla abamba ama-proton ndawonye ku-nucleus ye-athomu abizwa ngokuthi amandla enuzi.
Isisindo seprotoni cishe sifana nesisindo se-neutron. Cishe u-99,9% wesisindo se-athomu ugxile ku-nucleus, kuyilapho ama-electron enesisindo esincane kakhulu. Isisindo se-electron (me ) = 9,1093897 x 10 -31 kg, isisindo se-neutron (m n ) = 1,6749286 x 10 -27 kg, kanye nesisindo se-proton (m p ) = 1,6726231 x 10 -27 kg.
Inani Lokushaja Kukagesi
Ama-electron ashajwa kabi, ama-proton ashajwa kahle, kanti ama-neutron awakhethi ngogesi. Ama-proton nama-neutron akha i-nucleus ye-athomu akhiwa ama-quark, anama-charges cishe angu-1/3 futhi cishe izikhathi ezingu-2/3 kunama-electron. Ama-quark ayizinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu ezakha ama-athomu, kodwa kuze kube manje, ama-quark awatholakalanga ekhona eyedwa njengezinhlayiya ezilodwa.
Ubukhulu beshaja ye-electron noma ishaja ye-proton yiyunithi eyisisekelo yeshaja. Ubukhulu beshaja kagesi yento buyi-multiple yeshaja ye-electron noma ishaja ye-proton. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i- quantized charge . Isibonelo, uma i-denomination encane kakhulu yemali esiyisebenzisayo ingu-100 rupiah, khona-ke inani lemali umuntu analo livezwa ngeziphindaphindo zemali encane kakhulu, okungukuthi i-100 rupiah. Isibonelo, inani lemali yami lingu-100.000 futhi le 100.000 ingahlukaniswa ngo-100. Kungaba yinto exakile uma inani lemali yami lingu-100.002 ngoba akukho denomination ye-2 rupiah. Ngokufanayo, inani leshaja lento. Inani leshaja ye-electron lingu-e kanye nenani leshaja ye-proton lingu-+e. Inani leshaja lento liyi-multiple ye-e noma i-1,60 x 10 -19 Coulomb futhi lingavezwa nge-Q = ±Ne. Q = inani lenkokhelo, ± limelela uhlobo lwenkokhelo, N = inombolo ephelele, e = 1,60 x 10 -19 Coulomb.
Ukushaja Kukagesi Ezintweni
Uma i-athomu inenani elifanayo lama-electron nama-proton, khona-ke inani eliphelele likagesi ku-athomu lingu-zero, kanti i-athomu ayithathi hlangothi, okusho ukuthi ayinayo i-electric charge. Inani lama-proton noma ama-electron ku-athomu engathathi hlangothi libizwa ngokuthi inombolo ye-athomu (Z) . Uma kunama-electron amaningi kunama-proton, i-athomu ishajwa kabi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma kunama-electron ambalwa kunama-proton, i-athomu ishajwa kahle. Ama-athomu ashajwe kabi abizwa ngokuthi ama-ion amabi , kuyilapho ama-athomu ashajwe kahle abizwa ngokuthi ama-ion amabi . Inqubo yokumunca noma yokukhulula ama-electron ku-athomu ibizwa ngokuthi i-ionization . Uma sithi i-athomu ishajwa, sisho i-total charge noma i-net charge. Isibonelo, i-athomu inama-electron ayi-10 nama-proton ayi-7. Le athomu ishajwa kabi ngoba inama-electron amathathu ashajwe kabi. Ngakho-ke i-net charge yale athomu ingu-3, kanti uhlobo lwe-athomu charge luyi-negative. Izinombolo 3, 7, 10 ziyizibonelo nje zokwenza kube lula ukuyiqonda. Eqinisweni, inani lokushaja kagesi kwento liyi-multiple yeshaja ye-electron noma ishaja ye-proton.
Uma into inama-electron amaningi njengama-proton, khona-ke into ayithathi hlangothi noma ayinayo ishaja kagesi. Uma into inama-electron amaningi kunama-proton khona-ke into ineshaja engemihle, ngokuphambene uma into inama-electron ambalwa kunama-proton khona-ke into ineshaja engemihle. Into eyayingathathi hlangothi ekuqaleni ingenziwa ishajeke kabi ngokufaka ama-electron entweni, kanti into ingenziwa ishajeke kahle ngokunciphisa ama-electron entweni.
