Izinto Zokushaja Zikagesi
Sicela ubheke enye yezinto ezikuzungezile. Uma ubhubhisa into, isibonelo idwala, idwala lizohlukana libe yizicucu eziningana ezincane. Uma idwala liphinda lichotshozwa, idwala lizophenduka libe yizicucu ezincane kakhulu. Kuthiwani uma izicucu zamadwala ziphinda zichotshozwa? Yiqiniso, izicucu zamadwala zichotshozwa futhi ziguqulwe zibe yizicucu ezincane kakhulu. Ingabe amatshe angahlukaniswa abe yizicucu ezincane kakhulu aze angabi namkhawulo? Iqiniso libonisa ukuthi noma iyiphi into uma ihlukaniswe yaba yizicucu ezincane izofika endaweni lapho ingxenye encane kakhulu yento ingeke ihlukaniswe ibe yizicucu ezincane. Ingxenye encane kakhulu yento engenakuhlukaniswa ibizwa ngokuthi i-athomu. Ngakho-ke i-athomu yingxenye encane kakhulu yazo zonke izinto endaweni yonke.
Ukushaja Kukagesi Kuma-Athomu
Ama-athomu akhiwa ama-electron, ama-proton, nama-neutron. Ama-proton nama-neutron akha i-nucleus ye-athomu, engaba ngu-10-15 amamitha. Ama-electron atholakala ngaphandle kwe-nucleus ye-athomu futhi ayizungeza njengamaplanethi azungeza ilanga. Uma sicabanga ukuthi ububanzi be-athomu bungamakhilomitha amaningana, i-nucleus ingaba usayizi webhola le-billiard, futhi ama-electron angahlukaniswa phakathi kwe-nucleus ngebanga elingamakhilomitha angaba ngu-10.-10 amamitha ukusuka ku-nucleus. Phakathi kwe-nucleus ne-electron kukhona isikhala esingenalutho.
Ama-electron ashajeke kabi atholakala emaphethelweni e-athomu, kanti ama-proton ashajeke kahle atholakala kuyi-nucleus. Ukuze ama-electron agcine ejikeleza i-nucleus futhi angaphumi e-athomu, i-nucleus eshajeke kahle kumele isebenzise amandla akhangayo kuma-electron. La mandla, agcina ama-electron ejikeleza i-nucleus futhi awavimbele ukuba aphume, abizwa ngokuthi amandla kagesi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus ye-athomu kukhona ama-proton ashajelwe kahle, ngakho-ke ayaxoshana ngokwemvelo ngoba anokushaja okufanayo. Ukuze ama-proton agcine ndawonye ku-nucleus ye-athomu futhi awavimbele ekuhlukaneni ne-athomu, amandla kumele awabambe ndawonye. Amandla abamba ama-proton ndawonye ku-nucleus ye-athomu abizwa ngokuthi amandla enuzi.
Isisindo seprotoni cishe sifana nese-neutron. Cishe u-99,9% wesisindo se-athomu ugxile ku-nucleus, kuyilapho ama-electron enesisindo esincane kakhulu. Isisindo se-electron (m)e) = 9,1093897 x 10-31 kg, isisindo se-neutron (mn) = 1,6749286 x 10-27 kg, isisindo seprotoni (mp) = 1,6726231 x 10-27 kg.
Inani Lokushaja Kukagesi
Ama-electron ashajwa kabi, ama-proton ashajwa kahle, kanti ama-neutron awakhethi ngogesi. Ama-proton nama-neutron akha i-nucleus ye-athomu akhiwa ama-quark, anama-charges cishe angu-1/3 futhi cishe izikhathi ezingu-2/3 kunama-electron. Ama-quark ayizinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu ezakha ama-athomu, kodwa kuze kube manje, ama-quark awatholakalanga ekhona eyedwa njengezinhlayiya ezilodwa.
Ubukhulu beshaja ye-electron noma ishaja ye-proton yiyunithi eyisisekelo yokushaja. Ubukhulu beshaja kagesi yento buyi-multiple yeshaja ye-electron noma ishaja ye-proton. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ishaja. okulinganiselweIsibonelo, uma inani elincane kakhulu lemali esilisebenzisayo lingu-100 rupiah, khona-ke inani lemali umuntu analo livezwa ngokuphindaphinda kwenani elincane kakhulu, okungu-100 rupiah. Isibonelo, inani lami lemali lingu-100.000, kanti leli 100.000 lihlukaniswa ngo-100. Kungaba yinto exakile uma inani lami lemali lingu-100.002 ngoba azikho izinhlobo ezimbili ze-rupiah. Ngokufanayo, inani lenkokhelo yento. Inani lenkokhelo ye-electron lingu--e, kanti inani lenkokhelo ye-proton lingu-+e. Inani lenkokhelo yento liyi-multiple ka-e, noma u-1,60 x 10-19 I-Coulomb futhi ingavezwa nge-Q = ±Ne. Q = inani lenkokhelo, ± limelela uhlobo lwenkokhelo, N = inombolo ephelele, e = 1,60 x 10-19 I-Coulomb.
Ukushaja Kukagesi Ezintweni
Uma i-athomu inenani elifanayo lama-electron nama-proton, khona-ke ishaja kagesi iyonke ku-athomu ingu-zero kanti i-athomu ayithathi hlangothi, okusho ukuthi ayinayo ishaja kagesi. Inani lama-proton noma ama-electron ku-athomu engathathi hlangothi libizwa ngokuthi inombolo ye-athomu (Z)Uma kukhona ama-electron amaningi kunama-proton, i-athomu ineshaja engemihle. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma kukhona ama-electron ambalwa kunama-proton, i-athomu ineshaja engemihle. Ama-athomu aneshaja engemihle abizwa ngokuthi ama-ion angalungile, kuyilapho ama-athomu ashajwe kahle ebizwa ngokuthi ama-ion amahleInqubo yokumunca noma yokukhulula ama-electron ku-athomu ibizwa ngokuthi i-ionizationUma sithi i-athomu ishajwa, sisho i-total charge yayo noma i-net charge. Isibonelo, i-athomu inama-electron ayi-10 nama-proton ayi-7. Le athomu ishajwa kabi ngoba inama-electron amathathu angeziwe ashajwe kabi. Ngakho-ke, i-net charge yale athomu ingu-3, kanti uhlobo lwe-charge yale athomu luyi-negative. Izinombolo 3, 7, kanye no-10 ziyizibonelo nje zokwenza kube lula ukuyiqonda. Eqinisweni, inani le-electric charge yento liyi-multiple ye-electron charge noma i-proton charge.
Uma into inama-electron amaningi njengama-proton, khona-ke into ayithathi hlangothi noma ayinayo ishaja kagesi. Uma into inama-electron amaningi kunama-proton khona-ke into ineshaja engemihle, ngokuphambene uma into inama-electron ambalwa kunama-proton khona-ke into ineshaja engemihle. Into eyayingathathi hlangothi ekuqaleni ingenziwa ishajeke kabi ngokufaka ama-electron entweni, kanti into ingenziwa ishajeke kahle ngokunciphisa ama-electron entweni.
