Umbono kaThomas Hobbes Wempi Nokuthula: Ukuxoxa Ngemvelo Yomuntu Nesivumelwano Somphakathi
UThomas Hobbes wayengomunye wezazi zefilosofi zezombusazwe ezidumile kakhulu zekhulu le-17. Imicabango yakhe, ehlanganiswe emsebenzini wakhe oyinhloko, iLeviathan, ibe negalelo elikhulu ekuqondeni kwethu impi, ukuthula, kanye nemvelo yomuntu. Ngokombono kaHobbes, ubugovu obungokwemvelo bomuntu kanye nemvelo yokuncintisana kudala ingozi eqhubekayo yengxabano nempi. Kodwa-ke, wanikeza nesixazululo sale nkinga ngenkolelo yakhe yesivumelwano senhlalo. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ngokuningiliziwe inkolelo kaThomas Hobbes yempi nokuthula nokuthi lo mbono ubaluleke kanjani kumongo wanamuhla.
Imvelo Yomuntu Nezimo Zemvelo
UHobbes uqala ukuhlaziya kwakhe ngokuveza imvelo yomuntu esimweni sayo semvelo, okungukuthi, ngaphambi kokuba khona komphakathi noma uhulumeni. Ngokusho kukaHobbes, abantu empeleni bayizidalwa ezinengqondo kodwa ezinobugovu, bahlala bebeka phambili izithakazelo zabo futhi bethambekele ekuncintisaneni bodwa ngezinsiza ezilinganiselwe. Lokhu kuholela kulokho akubiza ngokuthi "impi yabo bonke ngokumelene nabo bonke" (bellum omnium contra omnes).
Lesi simo sibonakala ngengozi eqhubekayo kanye nokwesaba ukufa okuzumayo. KuLeviyathani, uHobbes uchaza impilo esimweni semvelo ngokuthi “yodwa, empofu, embi, enonya, futhi emfushane.” Lolu hlobo lwempilo ngokusobala alulungile futhi lubangela ukuhlupheka okukhulu. Ngakho-ke, abantu bafuna izindlela zokuphunyuka kulesi simo.
Umthetho Wemvelo Nokuqonda
UHobbes wabe esethula umqondo “womthetho wemvelo” (lex naturalis), okuyizimiso ezitholakala ngokucabanga okunengqondo futhi ezilawula izenzo okumele zithathwe ukuze kulondolozwe ukuphila. Umthetho wokuqala wemvelo, ngokusho kukaHobbes, ukuthi wonke umuntu kufanele afune ukuthula uma nje enethemba lokukufeza. Uma ukuthula kungenakutholakala, khona-ke umuntu unelungelo lokusebenzisa noma yiziphi izindlela ezidingekayo ukuze azivikele.
Umthetho wesibili wemvelo usikisela ukuthi abantu kufanele bazimisele ukuyeka amanye amalungelo abo emvelo uma nje abanye bezimisele ukwenza okufanayo, ngaleyo ndlela kudalwe isivumelwano senhlalo esizoqinisekisa ukuphepha kokubili. Lesi simiso, uHobbes asibiza ngokuthi “isivumelwano senhlalo,” siyisisekelo sokwakhiwa komphakathi ozimele kanye nohulumeni.
Inkontileka Yezenhlalo Nobukhosi
Esivumelwaneni sikaHobbes sezenhlalo, abantu bayavuma ukuyeka amanye amalungelo abo emvelo baye endaweni enkulu nenamandla kakhulu—lokho uHobbes akubiza ngokuthi “iLeviyathani”—ukuze bathole isivikelo nokuthula. Le Leviyathani, engaba yinkosi noma inhlangano kahulumeni, inamandla aphelele okulawula nokugcina ukuhleleka.
Lobu bukhosi obuphelele, ngokusho kukaHobbes, buyimfuneko ebalulekile yokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuziphatha kwabantu kuhlala kulawulwa nokuthi isivumelwano sokuqala asiphulwa. Ngaphandle kobukhosi obuqinile, isivumelwano senhlalo singaphulwa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, sibuyisele isintu esimweni semvelo esigcwele izingxabano nengozi.
Ukuphuthuma Kokuzinza Nokuhleleka
Umbono kaHobbes ngombusi onamandla uvame ukubhekwa njengowobushiqela ngabaningi. Kodwa-ke, ngokombono kaHobbes, ukuzinza nokuhleleka kuyizinto ezibalulekile ukuze kufezwe ukuthula nokuchuma. Ngaphandle kokuhleleka okugcinwe ngamandla angenakuphikwa, umphakathi ubungawa futhi ubuyele ebudloveni.
Ngakho-ke, umbono kaHobbes ngohulumeni ubeka phambili ukuphepha nokuzinza kunenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. KuHobbes, amalungelo omuntu ngamunye anganikezwa noma avinjelwe yiLeviyathani ngezinga elidingekayo ukuze kulondolozwe ukuhleleka komphakathi jikelele. Kodwa-ke, uhulumeni kumele aqhubeke nokwenza izinto ezizuzisa abantu kanye nokuphepha okuvamile, njengoba ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungalimaza ukufaneleka kwamandla futhi kuholele ekuvukeleni.
Ukufaneleka Kwanamuhla
Nakuba inkolelo-mbono kaHobbes yasungulwa cishe emakhulwini amane eminyaka edlule, izici zayo eziningi zisasebenza kwezombusazwe zanamuhla. Imibono yesimo semvelo kanye nesivumelwano senhlalo iyisisekelo sefilosofi yezombusazwe yanamuhla, kusukela kuLocke kuya kuRousseau, kanye nezinhlelo ezahlukene zezepolitiki ezilawula imiphakathi yentando yeningi namuhla.
Isibonelo, umqondo wesivumelwano senhlalo uhlala uyisisekelo sezimiso zentando yeningi yanamuhla, lapho igunya likahulumeni litholakala ngemvume yabantu. Nakuba ohulumeni banamuhla bevame ukwenqaba ubukhosi obuphelele obuphakanyiswe yiHobbes, isimiso sokuthi amandla kahulumeni kufanele avikele ukuphepha nenhlalakahle yezakhamuzi zawo siseyinjongo eyinhloko yombuso.
Imibono kaHobbes iphinde inikeze ukuqonda okubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuguquguquka kwamazwe ngamazwe. Ezingeni lomhlaba wonke, isimo esingalawuleki uHobbes asichaza singabonakala endleleni amazwe asebenzisana ngayo. Ukungabikho kwegunya elibusayo lomhlaba wonke kuvame ukubangela amazwe ukuthi abeke phambili izintshisekelo zawo zesizwe kunokuvikelwa okuhlangene. Impi yezikhali kanye nokuncintisana kwezomnotho phakathi kwamazwe kubonisa izici ezahlukene zesimo semvelo sikaHobbes eziqhubekayo ebudlelwaneni bamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukugxekwa kukaHobbes
Nakuba abaningi bamukela imibono eyinhloko kaHobbes, abaningi baye bagxeka imibono yakhe, ikakhulukazi mayelana nobukhosi obuphelele kanye nombono wakhe ongemuhle ngesimo semvelo sesintu. UJohn Locke , isibonelo, wayenombono onethemba kakhulu ngesimo somuntu futhi waphikisana ngokuthi amalungelo emvelo njengokuphila, inkululeko, kanye nempahla akufanele aphulwe uhulumeni.
ULocke waphikisana ngokuthi igunya likahulumeni livela ekuvumelaneni nasenkontilekeni yomphakathi, kodwa ngokungafani noHobbes, wasekela umqondo wokuhlukaniswa kwamandla kanye nelungelo lezakhamuzi lokuvukela ohulumeni abacindezelayo. Umbono kaLocke usondelene nemikhuba yentando yeningi yanamuhla, ehlose ukulinganisela amandla kahulumeni nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.
Isiphetho
UThomas Hobbes wanikeza ukuhlaziywa okujulile kwemvelo yomuntu, impi, nokuthula, kanye nezindlela umphakathi wesintu ongazihlela ngazo ukuze ugweme izingxabano ezibhubhisayo. Ephakamisa isivumelwano sezenhlalo kanye nombusi onamandla, uHobbes wanikeza izixazululo ezinkulu ezinkingeni ezazibhekene nesikhathi sakhe.
Nakuba ezinye izici zayo ziphikisana futhi ziye zagxekwa ngabamlandelayo, inkolelo-mbono kaHobbes yempi nokuthula isasebenza futhi inikeza isisekelo esibalulekile sokuthuthukiswa kwefilosofi yezombusazwe. Imibono kaHobbes ngokubaluleka kokuzinza nokuhleleka iyaqhubeka nokuqondisa izingxoxo zanamuhla mayelana nendlela imiphakathi okufanele ihlelwe ngayo ukuze kulondolozwe ukuphepha nokuthula.
