Ubukhona kanye Nenkululeko Yomuntu Ngamunye
I-Existentialism iyisikole sefilosofi esibeka ukuphila komuntu esizindeni sokugxila kwayo. Ngokungafani nezinye izindlela zefilosofi, ezingase ziqale ngemibono engaqondakali noma ebanzi, i-existentialism iqala ngokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu okuqondile. Izindikimba eziyinhloko ze-existentialism ukufuna incazelo, inkululeko, kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo womuntu ngamunye. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ukuthi ifilosofi ye-existentialism ihlaziya kanjani umqondo wenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, enye yezinsika eziyinhloko zalesi sikole.
Ubukhona Bezinto: Isingeniso Esifushane
Ubukhona buvela njengenhlangano yefilosofi ngekhulu le-19 nelama-20, buphefumulelwe ososayensi abanjengoSøren Kierkegaard noFriedrich Nietzsche , futhi kamuva basebenza ngabantu abanjengoJean-Paul Sartre, u-Albert Camus, noSimone de Beauvoir. Ngokuvamile, ubukhona bugcizelela izici ezizimele zokuphila komuntu—imizwa, okuhlangenwe nakho, kanye nokukhetha komuntu siqu.
USøren Kierkegaard, ovame ukubhekwa “njengoBaba wobukhona,” wagcizelela ukubaluleka kokuba abantu benze izinqumo zomuntu siqu neziyiqiniso, ebhekisela “ekuqineni kokholo.” Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uFriedrich Nietzsche udume ngombono wakhe we-“Übermensch,” noma indoda ephakeme, edlula izindinganiso zokuziphatha zendabuko futhi idale ezintsha zayo.
Inkululeko Yomuntu Ngamunye Ku-Existentialism
UJean-Paul Sartre, omunye wabasekeli abaphambili be-existentialism, uthe "ukuba khona kuqala ngaphambi kwe-essential." Lokhu kusho ukuthi abantu baqala ngokuba khona, bese, ngezenzo zabo nokukhetha kwabo, benquma ukuthi bangobani (i-essential yabo). Lo mbono ugcizelela ukubaluleka kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye yokwakha ubuwena bakhe, ngaphandle kokubandlulula kwangaphandle noma ukuzimisela.
USartre wathi abantu “balahlwa njengenkululeko.” Lokhu akuyona inkululeko engalawuleki noma engenamkhawulo, kodwa inkululeko ehilela umthwalo wemfanelo. Le nkululeko ithwala umthwalo osindayo, ngoba kuyo yonke inkululeko yokuzikhethela kuza nemiphumela okumele ithwalwe ngumuntu ngamunye. Akukho sizathu sangaphandle noma ukuzimisela okungasetshenziswa ukugwema umthwalo wemfanelo ngezinqumo zomuntu siqu.
Ngokusho kukaSartre, abantu bavame ukuzama ukugwema lo mthwalo wemfanelo ngomqondo obizwa ngokuthi “ukholo olubi” (félicité). Lesi yisimo lapho abantu bezikhohlisa khona ngokwenza sengathi abakhululekile ngakho-ke abanakubhekana necala ngezenzo zabo. Isibonelo, umuntu angase asole izimo zomphakathi noma ezinye izici ngokwehluleka kwakhe ukwenza ngokuvumelana nezinkolelo zakhe zokuziphatha.
USimone de Beauvoir, omunye umcabangi wezinto eziphilayo kanye nowesifazane, waqhubeka nalomqondo ekuhlaziyeni kwakhe ubudlelwano bobulili. Encwadini yakhe ethi, “The Second Sex,” u-de Beauvoir uchaze indlela umphakathi wabesilisa nabesifazane onciphisa ngayo inkululeko yabesifazane ngokubabeka ezindimeni ezinqunyiwe. Uphikise ngokuthi inkululeko kumele ilwelwe ngumuntu ngamunye kanye nomphakathi abahlala kuwo.
Inkululeko Ekhona Nezwe Lanamuhla
Enkathini yanamuhla, lapho ulwazi nokukhetha kubonakala kungenamkhawulo, umqondo wenkululeko yokuphila uhlala ubalulekile. Abantu abaningi bazizwa bedidekile noma bekhungathekile ngenxa yenani elikhulu lamathuba emhlabeni. Wake wazizwa ukuthi ngezinqumo eziningi kangaka, ukwenza izinqumo kuba nzima nakakhulu? Lena inkinga evamile kakhulu yenkululeko yokuphila.
Ubuchwepheshe kanye nokuhwebelana komhlaba wonke kushintshe indlela esisebenzisana ngayo nomhlaba kanye nathi ngokwethu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunikeza amathuba amakhulu okuphishekela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingcindezi yomphakathi evela kwabezindaba kanye nabezindaba zenhlalo ingadala uhlobo olusha lokholo olubi, lapho abantu bezizwa bephoqelekile ukuhambisana nezindinganiso kanye nokulindela okunikezwa kubo.
Umbono we-existentialism uhlala ubaluleke kakhulu kulo mongo wenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Usikhumbuza ukuthi ekugcineni, inkululeko yangempela yinkululeko yokunquma ikusasa lethu, noma ngabe kusho ukubhekana nokukhathazeka nokungaqiniseki okuhambisana nakho. I-Existentialism isikhuthaza ukuba siphile ngokweqiniso, okusho ukuphila ngokwezinqumo esizenzela zona, hhayi lezo ezibekwe abanye noma umphakathi.
Ubukhona kanye Nezimiso Zokuziphatha Zenkululeko
Okunye ukugxekwa kwe-existentialism ukuthi ukugcizelela kakhulu inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kungaholela ekungavumelani noma ekuzivumelaniseni nokuziphatha . Kodwa-ke, abantu abakholelwa ekuzivumelaniseni kwezinto njengoSartre no-de Beauvoir bagcizelele ukuthi inkululeko yangempela ayikaze ize ngokulimaza inkululeko yabanye. USartre waphakamisa ngokudumile ukuthi abantu “bangabantu-babanye” (être-pour-autrui), ekhomba umthwalo wemfanelo esinawo ngabanye enkambisweni yethu yokwenza izinqumo.
USimone de Beauvoir uphinde wanezela ngokuthi izimiso zokuziphatha zenkululeko kumele zicabangele isimo senhlalo kanye nomlando umuntu azithola ekuso. Inkululeko ayisho ilungelo lokwenza izinto ngokunganaki. Kunalokho, idinga ukuqaphela inkululeko yabanye. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuphila ngokweqiniso kusho ukuqaphela ukuthi izinqumo zethu zithinta abanye kanye nokuphikisana nalokho.
Isiphetho
I-Existentialism, egxile ekubeni khona komuntu ngamunye, inikeza uhlaka olucebile lokuqonda inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Inkululeko akuyona isimo sokungabi namkhawulo nokungabi namthwalo wemfanelo, kodwa kunalokho ikhono lokwenza izinqumo ezinengqondo ezimpilweni zethu, ngenkathi siqaphela umthwalo wemfanelo walezo zinqumo. Ezweni eligcwele ukungaqiniseki nobunzima, ukuqonda okungokoqobo ngenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo kuhlala kuyisiqondiso esibalulekile sempilo yangempela nenenjongo.
