Umqondo Wenjabulo Ngokusho Kuka-Epicurus
U-Epicurus, isazi sefilosofi sasendulo esingumGreki esasiphila ngekhulu lesi-3 BC, waziwa njengomunye wabasunguli besikole sefilosofi esigxile ekujabuleni, esigcizelela ukuphishekela injabulo nenjabulo. Kodwa-ke, ukuqonda kuka-Epicurus injabulo nenjabulo kuhluke kakhulu emibonweni evamile ehlotshaniswa nokujabula. U-Epicurus akazange akhuthaze ukuphishekela injabulo ngokweqile noma ngokungazithibi, kodwa kunalokho wanikeza indlela ehlakaniphile nelawulwayo yenjabulo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola umqondo ka-Epicurus ngenjabulo ngemibono ehlukahlukene ebalulekile, okuhlanganisa nemibono yakhe yefilosofi ngenjabulo, ubuhlungu, ibhalansi, nokuhlakanipha.
1. Injabulo njengomgomo ophakeme kakhulu
Ngokusho kuka-Epicurus, injabulo iwumgomo ophakeme kakhulu wokuphila komuntu , futhi injabulo iyindlela yokuyifinyelela. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi injabulo u-Epicurus abhekisela kuyo akuyona injabulo engapheli noma yokuzijabulisa ngokushesha, kodwa kunalokho injabulo ejulile nehlala njalo. Izinjabulo ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuthula kwangaphakathi (i-ataraxia) kanye nokukhululeka ebuhlungwini (i-aponia).
U-Epicurus wahlukanisa injabulo ngezinhlobo ezimbili: injabulo eguquguqukayo (injabulo efinyelelwa ngokugcwalisa izifiso) kanye nenjabulo engaguquki (injabulo etholakala esimweni sokungabi nabuhlungu nesidingo). Ngokombono ka-Epicurus, injabulo engaguquki ingcono ngoba izinzile futhi izinzile. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ukuqeda ubuhlungu nokudideka kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuthola injabulo yangempela.
2. Ubuhlungu Njengesithiyo Senjabulo
U-Epicurus wayeqonda ngokujulile ubudlelwano phakathi kobuhlungu nenjabulo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi injabulo ayinakutholakala uma umuntu eqhubeka nokuzwa ubuhlungu, kungaba ngokomzimba noma ngokwengqondo. Ngakho-ke, isici esiyinhloko sefilosofi yama-Epicure ukugwema ubuhlungu nokungakhululeki.
U-Epicurus wafundisa ukuthi ubuhlungu obuningi esibuzwayo empeleni bubangelwa izifiso ezingadingekile kanye nokwesaba okungenasisekelo. Ngokulawula izifiso nokunciphisa ukwesaba, umuntu angagwema ubuhlungu obuningi obungadingekile, ngaleyo ndlela athole injabulo. U-Epicurus wayekhuthaza impilo elula nelinganiselayo, njengoba impilo egcwele izifiso ezingagcwaliseki izoletha ukukhungatheka nokuhlupheka kuphela.
3. Ukubaluleka Kokulinganisela Nokulinganisela
U-Epicurus wagcizelela ukubaluleka kokulinganisela nokulinganisela empilweni ukuze kufinyelelwe injabulo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi injabulo yangempela itholakala empilweni elula nelinganiselayo, lapho izidingo eziyisisekelo ziyahlangatshezwa khona futhi izifiso eziningi zigwenywa. U-Epicurus wasikisela ukuthi ngokuphila impilo yokulinganisela nokusekela injabulo ezintweni ezilula, umuntu uzokwazi kangcono ukuthola ukuthula kwangaphakathi nokukhululeka ebuhlungwini.
Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukulinganisela kuzo zonke izici zokuphila, kusukela ekudleni nasekuphuzeni kuya ekuxhumaneni nabantu. U-Epicurus waphikisana ngokuthi injabulo etholakala ekufuneni injabulo ngokweqile ivame ukuba yesikhashana futhi iletha imiphumela emibi, njengokukhathala, ukugula, noma izingxabano. Ngokuphambene nalokho, injabulo evela ekulinganiseni ihlala isikhathi eside futhi ayinayo imiphumela emibi emibi.
4. Ukuhlakanipha Kunqoba Ukwesaba
Esinye sezindikimba ezibalulekile kwifilosofi yama-Epicurean ukubaluleka kokuhlakanipha ekunqobeni ukwesaba okuvimbela injabulo. U-Epicurus ukhombe ukwesaba okuningana okuyisisekelo okuvame ukuhlupha impilo yabantu, njengokwesaba ukufa, ukwesaba onkulunkulu, kanye nokwesaba ukuphila ngemva kokufa. Waphikisana ngokuthi iningi lalokhu kwesaba alinasisekelo futhi livela ekungazini nasekukholelweni inkolelo-ze.
U-Epicurus wayefuna ukususa lokhu kwesaba ngokusebenzisa ukucabanga okunengqondo nolwazi. Wafundisa ukuthi ukufa akuyona into okufanele uyesabe ngoba lapho sifa, asisazwa lutho, kungaba injabulo noma ubuhlungu. Ngokususa ukwesaba ukufa, umuntu angagxila kakhulu ekujabuleleni impilo yamanje.
5. Ukubaluleka Kobungane
U-Epicurus uphinde wagcizelela ukubaluleka kobungani ekufinyeleleni injabulo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ubudlelwano obuhle nabantu bunganikeza umthombo wenjabulo enkulu kanye nesivikelo ebuhlungwini. Ebunganeni, umuntu angathola ukwesekwa ngokomzwelo, ukwaneliseka kwengqondo, kanye nomuzwa wokulondeka.
U-Epicurus wasungula i-Garden, umphakathi wobungani nokufunda ukuhlola ukuhlakanipha ndawonye. Kulo mphakathi, abafundi baka-Epicurus bathola injabulo ngokusekelana kanye nengxoxo yefilosofi. U-Epicurus wayebheka ubungani njengengxenye ebalulekile yokuphila okujabulisayo nokwanelisayo.
6. Ukuqedwa kobuNkulunkulu obungenamsebenzi
U-Epicurus waphikisana nemibono yenkolo evamile yesikhathi sakhe. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ukwesaba nokukhathazeka okuningi kwabantu kuvela embonweni wonkulunkulu abajezisa futhi baphazamisa impilo yabantu. U-Epicurus wagomela ngokuthi uma onkulunkulu bekhona, bebengeke bahileleke ezindabeni zabantu futhi baphile esimweni esiphelele esingaphazanyiswa yimisebenzi yabantu.
Ngokulwa nemibono yenkolo ephazamisayo, u-Epicurus wayenethemba lokukhulula abantu ekwesabeni okungadingekile futhi abanike amandla okuphishekela ukuhlakanipha nenhlalakahle. Lokhu akusho ukuthi u-Epicurus wayephikisana nenkolo uqobo, kodwa wenqaba izici zenkolo ayezibona zingenangqondo futhi zilimaza injabulo yokuphila.
Isiphetho
I-Epicurus isiholela ekuqondeni okujulile kwenjabulo njengenani elingaphezu nje kwenjabulo engokwenyama nengokwenyama. Ngokulawula isifiso, ukugwema ubuhlungu, ukulinganisela, ukuhlakanipha, ubungane, kanye nokuqonda okunengqondo kokuphila komuntu nonkulunkulu, i-Epicurus inikeza umhlahlandlela ophelele wokufinyelela injabulo yangempela nokuthula kwangaphakathi.
Ifilosofi ka-Epicurus ifundisa ukuthi injabulo ephelele ayitholakali njalo ezintweni ezinkulu nezimangalisayo, kodwa ivame ukuba sempilweni elula, elinganiselayo, kanye nokuqonda. Le filosofi ayibalulekile nje kuphela esikhathini sakhe kodwa nasenkathini yanamuhla, lapho abantu abaningi besafuna indlela eya enjabulweni yangempela phakathi kwezinselele zokuphila eziyinkimbinkimbi.
