U-Aristotle kanye nethiyori yezimbangela ezine: Ukwembula ubuntu kanye nendawo yonke
U-Aristotle, isazi sefilosofi sasendulo esingumGreki owazalwa ngo-384 BC futhi washona ngo-322 BC, wenza iminikelo ebalulekile emikhakheni eyahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa i-metaphysics, i-logic, i-biology, ukuziphatha, kanye nezombusazwe. Omunye wemibono yakhe enethonya elikhulu kwakuwumqondo "wezimbangela ezine," awuphakamisa ukuze aqonde ukuthi kungani izinto zikhona nokuthi zaba khona kanjani. Lo mbono waba yisisekelo esibalulekile sesayensi nefilosofi, esiza abantu ukuba bathole ukuqonda ngendawo yonke kanye nabo ngokwabo.
Isizinda Semfundiso Yezimbangela Ezine
Imfundiso ka-Aristotle yezimbangela ezine yethulwa emsebenzini wakhe odumile, i-“Physica,” lapho achaza khona ukuthi zonke izinqubo zokushintsha noma ukuvela kwento zingachazwa ngezimbangela ezine. Lezi zimbangela ezine yilezi: imbangela ebonakalayo, imbangela esemthethweni, imbangela ephumelelayo, kanye nembangela yokugcina.
Enkathini yanamuhla, inkolelo-mbono ka-Aristotle yezimbangela isabalulekile, njengoba ososayensi nezazi zefilosofi beqhubeka nokulwela ukuqonda uhlobo nemvelaphi yazo zonke izinto. Ngakho ake sihlole lezi zimbangela ezine ngasinye ngasinye.
1. Imbangela Yezinto Ezibalulekile
Imbangela yezinto ezibonakalayo ibhekisela kulokho into eyenziwe ngakho. Yizinto ezibonakalayo noma into eyakha into. Isibonelo, izinto ezibonakalayo zesithombe ziyimabula, ithusi, noma ukhuni. Ngokwemvelo, imbangela yezinto ezibonakalayo yesihlahla ingaba amanzi, inhlabathi, noma ezinye izinto ezisekela ukukhula kwaso.
Umqondo wembangela yezinto ezibonakalayo usekelwe enkolelweni yokuthi konke okusemhlabeni kwakhiwe ngezinto ezingachazwa futhi zifundwe. Ku-physics kanye ne-chemistry yanamuhla, imbangela yezinto ezibonakalayo yizinto zamakhemikhali kanye namakhemikhali akha izinto ezibonakalayo.
2. Isizathu Esisemthethweni
Isizathu esisemthethweni sibhekisela esimweni noma ekwakhiweni kwento. Yisakhiwo esichaza into futhi siyivumele ukuthi iqashelwe njengento eyingqayizivele. Endabeni yesithombe esiqoshiwe, imbangela esemthethweni ukwakheka noma isimo sesithombe ngokwaso, okungaba ngumuntu noma isilwane.
Le ncazelo ingasetshenziswa nasezimweni zemvelo. Isibonelo, isizathu esisemthethweni sokuma kwekristalu yeqhwa yisakhiwo sayo sejometri esihlukile, esakhiwe yiphethini yama-athomu ayo ezingeni le-microscopic. Lokhu kuhlelwa akugcini nje ngokuba nesimo somzimba kodwa futhi kumelela umongo walokho into eyikho.
3. Imbangela Esebenzayo
Imbangela ephumelelayo ibhekisela kumuntu noma amandla abangela ukuba into ibe khona noma ishintshe. Yimbangela eguquguqukayo eqala inqubo yokuba khona kwento ethile. Isibonelo, endabeni yesithombe, imbangela ephumelelayo ingaba isandla somqophi esiqopha imabula ibe yisimo esithile.
Esimweni semvelo, imbangela ephumelelayo ingaba yisici esinjengokudonsa phansi okubangela ukuba i-apula iwe esihlahleni, noma umoya odala izindunduma zesihlabathi ehlane. Konke lokhu kuchaza isenzo noma uchungechunge lwezenzo eziqala noma ezishintsha ukuba khona kwento noma umcimbi.
4. Isizathu Sokugcina
Imbangela yokugcina noma injongo yokugcina iyisizathu esijulile sokuthi kungani into ethile yenzeka; iphendula umbuzo wokuthi “inhloso yani” into ethile ikhona. Imbangela yokugcina ihlobene eduze nomqondo wenhloso noma umsebenzi wento. Isibonelo, injongo yokugcina yesithombe kungaba ukuhlobisa isikhala noma ukuhlonipha othile noma into ethile.
Ku-biology, imbangela yokugcina yeso ukubona, inhliziyo ukupompa igazi, njalo njalo. Lokhu kubhekisela enjongweni yokugcina ebekelwe ukuba khona noma umsebenzi walowo mzimba.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwemfundiso Yezimbangela Ezine Esayensini Nasefilosofini
Ithiyori Yezimbangela Ezine ayibalulekile kuphela kumongo ka-Aristotle, kodwa futhi nasezifundweni zesayensi zanamuhla ezahlukahlukene. I-physics yanamuhla, isibonelo, ivame ukufuna izimbangela ezibonakalayo nezisebenzayo lapho kufundwa izinhlayiya ezingaphansi kwe-athomu noma izenzakalo zemvelo. I-biology yanamuhla ingasebenzisa umqondo wezimbangela zokugcina lapho ichaza imisebenzi yezinto eziphilayo kumongo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Ifiziksi kanye neKhemistri
Uma sifunda ngama-molecule, ama-athomu, kanye nezinhlayiya ezingaphansi kwe-athomu, sisebenza emkhakheni wezimbangela zezinto ezibonakalayo. Kodwa ukuze siqonde ukusebenzisana phakathi kwama-proton, ama-neutron, nama-electron ku-athomu, singadinga nomqondo wezimbangela ezisebenzayo, okungukuthi amandla ayisisekelo anjengokudonsa phansi, i-electromagnetism, kanye namandla enuzi aqinile nabuthakathaka.
I-Biologi
Ku-biology, zonke izici zezinto eziphilayo kuze kufike ezingeni lamaseli zingahlaziywa kusetshenziswa izimbangela ezine. Izimbangela zezinto ezibonakalayo zifaka phakathi izingxenye zomzimba zamaseli; izimbangela ezisemthethweni zifaka phakathi isakhiwo kanye nokuhleleka kwezakhi zofuzo; izimbangela ezisebenzayo zingaba izinqubo ze-biochemical ezilawula impilo; kuyilapho izimbangela zokugcina zivame ukuvela kumongo wokuzivumelanisa nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nenhloso yezitho ezithile.
I-Sociology kanye ne-Psychology
Emkhakheni wezenhlalo kanye ne-psychology, ukuqonda ukuziphatha komuntu kudinga inhlanganisela yazo zonke izimbangela ezine. Izimbangela ezibonakalayo zingase zihlanganise isimo somuntu siqu sebhayoloji noma sezinzwa, kuyilapho izimbangela ezisemthethweni zingase zibe izakhiwo zengqondo noma amacebo asetshenziswa yingqondo yomuntu. Izimbangela ezisebenzayo zingase zihlanganise izici ezahlukahlukene zomphakathi noma zemvelo ezithonya umuntu, kanti izimbangela zokugcina zibhekisela emigomweni noma ezisusa ukuziphatha okuthile.
Isiphetho
Umqondo ka-Aristotle wezimbangela ezine unikeza uhlaka oluphelele lwefilosofi lokuqonda umhlaba. Kusukela ezintweni eziyisisekelo kuya enjongweni yokugcina, le mbono ichaza izinqubo zoshintsho kanye nokuba khona ngezindlela ezahlukene. Naphezu kokuba khona iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili, izimbangela ezine zisalokhu ziyithuluzi elinamandla lokuchaza izenzakalo emikhakheni eyahlukene yesayensi nefilosofi.
Ngokucabanga ngento ngayinye noma isenzakalo ngokusebenzisa i-lens yezimbangela ezine, asigcini nje ngokuthola ukuqonda okujulile nokuphelele kodwa futhi siyaqonda ubunzima nobuhle bendawo yonke edalwe ngendlela eguquguqukayo nesebenzayo. U-Aristotle, ngakho konke ukucabanga kwakhe okujulile, unikeza isisekelo esiqinile semizamo yethu eqhubekayo yokuqonda nokuhlola umhlaba osizungezile.
