I-Spinoza kanye nenkolelo-mbono yeMonism
UBaruch Spinoza, isazi sefilosofi sekhulu le-17, waziwa kakhulu ngobuhlakani bakhe ekuthuthukiseni imibono yefilosofi eguqukayo nephikisanayo yesikhathi sakhe. Omunye weminikelo emikhulu kaSpinoza, edonsela ukunaka kwabacabangi abaningi, umbono wakhe we-monism. Ngale mbono, uSpinoza wethula umbono wendawo yonke noNkulunkulu owahluke kakhulu embonweni we-dualism owawuthandwa phakathi kwezazi zefilosofi zangaphambili njengoRené Descartes. Lesi sihloko sizohlola i-monism kaSpinoza, ukubaluleka kwayo ekuthuthukisweni kwefilosofi, kanye nomthelela wayo emcabangweni wanamuhla.
Isizinda SikaSpinoza Nesimo Sefilosofi Saleso Sikhathi
UBaruch Spinoza wazalwa ngo-1632 e-Amsterdam emphakathini wamaJuda asePutukezi abaleka eNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki ePortugal. Ngokwesimo saleso sikhathi, umbono womhlaba oyinhloko wawuthonywe yizimfundiso zeSonto kanye ne-Cartesian dualism. URené Descartes waphikisana ngokuthi iqiniso liqukethe izinto ezimbili ezihlukile: i-res cogitans (ingqondo) kanye ne-res extensa (isandiso noma into). Lo mbono wahlukanisa umphefumulo nomzimba kanye noNkulunkulu endaweni yonke ebonakalayo.
USpinoza wenqaba lobu bubili futhi wethula inkolelo-mbono ye-monism, esekelwe embonweni wento eyodwa. Emsebenzini wakhe odumile kakhulu, i-"Ethica Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata" noma i-"Ethics," waphikisana ngokuthi kukhona into eyodwa kuphela enezimfanelo ezingenamkhawulo ezakha konke endaweni yonke. Le nto inguNkulunkulu noma iMvelo. Ngokusho kukaSpinoza, uNkulunkulu neMvelo (iNatura) bayafana, ngaleyo ndlela basusa ububili phakathi komdali nendalo.
Imfundiso kaSpinoza yeMonism
Inkolelo-mbono kaSpinoza ye-monist isekelwe emcabangweni wokuthi kukhona into eyodwa kuphela ekhona, ayibiza ngokuthi i-Deus sive Natura (uNkulunkulu noma iMvelo). Ngokombono wakhe, konke okukhona kuwukubonakaliswa kwezimfanelo ezingenamkhawulo zalesi sitho esisodwa. Lesi sitho siyazakhela, asincikile kunoma yini ukuze sibe khona, futhi sinezimfanelo ezibonakala ngezindlela ezahlukene. Isibonelo, umzimba womuntu nengqondo yomuntu kuyizindlela zesici sokwandiswa kanye nesici sokucabanga, ngokulandelana. Konke okukhona noma okwenzekayo kuyingxenye yenethiwekhi yezimbangela nemiphumela ehlanganiswe yilesi sitho esisodwa.
Ku-Ethics, uSpinoza wabhala ukuthi lesi sici siyimbangela yaso (causa sui), okusho ukuthi siwumthombo wokuba khona kwaso, sizimele kunoma yini engaphandle kwaso. Lokhu kuhlukile embonweni wendabuko kaNkulunkulu njengomdali ohlukile endalweni yakhe. KuSpinoza, uNkulunkulu uyisidalwa esisodwa esiziveza ngezindlela nezindlela ezahlukahlukene esizibona endaweni yonke.
Imiphumela Yokuziphatha Neyokuziphatha yeMonism
Imibono kaSpinoza yobunkulunkulu inemiphumela ejulile ekuziphatheni nasekuziphatheni. Ngenxa yokuthi zonke izinto ziyingxenye yento efanayo, uSpinoza waphikisana ngokuthi abantu kumele baqonde indawo yabo njengengxenye yento enkulu. Lokhu kuqonda kuholela empilweni evumelana kakhulu neMvelo noma uNkulunkulu.
Ngokwemigomo yokuziphatha, uSpinoza waphakamisa umqondo we-'conatus,' okuwukushisekela noma ukulwela zonke izinto ukuze zilondoloze ukuba khona kwazo nokufinyelela imvelo yazo ebalulekile. Kubantu, le conatus ibonakala njengokufuna ulwazi nokuqonda. Ngokwandisa ukuqonda kwethu indawo yethu endaweni yonke enkulu, umuntu angafinyelela injabulo enkulu futhi aphile ngokuvumelana nemithetho yemvelo.
USpinoza uphinde wathi imizwa emibi efana nenzondo, umona, nentukuthelo ivela ekungazini izimbangela ezingaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yembangela yento eyodwa. Ngokuqonda ukuthi konke kwenzeka ngezizathu ezingenakugwenywa ngaphakathi komongo wento enkulu, umuntu angazamukela kangcono izimo futhi athuthukise ukuhlakanipha ekubhekaneni nezinselele zokuphila.
Ithonya Le-Monism KaSpinoza Kufilosofi Yanamuhla
Nakuba imibono kaSpinoza ekuqaleni yagxekwa kakhulu, futhi abanye baze bambheka njengomuntu ongakholelwa kuNkulunkulu, imibono yakhe yanikeza isisekelo esibalulekile sokuthuthukiswa kwefilosofi yanamuhla. Abacabangi bokukhanyiselwa abanjengoLeibniz noLocke baphikisana ngemibono yakhe, futhi nakuba babevame ukungavumelani, babengenakuzishaya indiva iminikelo ebalulekile kaSpinoza ezingxoxweni ze-metaphysical kanye ne-epistemological.
Ezikhathini zanamuhla, uSpinoza uye waziswa kakhulu futhi wabhekiselwa kakhulu ezingxoxweni zefilosofi zanamuhla. Ngokwesibonelo, uFriedrich Nietzsche, wathonywa kakhulu imibono kaSpinoza mayelana nokunqunywa kanye nomqondo womuntu okhululekile nozimele. Okwamanje, kwifilosofi yezepolitiki, imibono kaSpinoza ngenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kanye nokuphila okusekelwe ekucabangeni nasekuqondeni idlale indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwenkolelo-mbono yesimanje yenkululeko.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkolelo-mbono kaSpinoza yokukhonza uNkulunkulu yaphefumulela nokuthuthukiswa kwefilosofi yobukhona kanye ne-phenomenology. Izazi zefilosofi ezifana noMerleau-Ponty noHeidegger ziye zabheka umqondo kaSpinoza wokuba yinye njengendawo yokuqala yokuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kokuqonda komuntu nomhlaba okuzungezile.
I-Penutup
Umbono kaBaruch Spinoza we-monism waphawula uguquko embonweni wesintu ngobuhlobo babo nendawo yonke noNkulunkulu. Ngokugomela ukuthi kukhona into eyodwa kuphela engaphansi kwazo zonke izinto, uSpinoza waqeda ukwahlukana kwendabuko phakathi kwezinto nomoya, phakathi kukaNkulunkulu nomhlaba odaliwe. Nakuba lo mbono wagxekwa kakhulu osukwini lwakhe, ithonya lawo liye lasakazeka futhi liyaqhubeka ezingxoxweni zefilosofi kuze kube namuhla.
Ngokusebenzisa i-monism, i-Spinoza ayinikezi nje umbono ohambisanayo we-metaphysical kodwa futhi iveza uhlaka lokuziphatha olukhuthaza abantu ukuba baphile ngokuvumelana neMvelo. Lokhu kuqonda, uma kusetshenziswa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, kungaholela enjabulweni enkulu nasekuthuleni kwangaphakathi.
Ngokombono womlando, uSpinoza uyinsika ebalulekile eyasiza ekwakheni isimo sefilosofi yanamuhla. Imibono yakhe idlula isikhathi futhi iyaqhubeka nokuhunyushwa kabusha yizizukulwane ezilandelayo zabacabangi, okubonisa isimo esijulile nesiguqulayo seminikelo yakhe ohambweni lobuhlakani besintu.
