Imicabango ka-Al Farabi ngeFilosofi Yezepolitiki
I-Pendahuluan
U-Al-Farabi, owaziwa nangokuthi u-Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi, wayengomunye wezazi zefilosofi ezinkulu kakhulu emasikweni asendulo amaSulumane, enikela kakhulu emikhakheni eyahlukene yokufunda, okuhlanganisa nefilosofi yezepolitiki. Wazalelwa ngo-870 eFarab, eKazakhstan yanamuhla, futhi washona ngo-950 eDamaseku, u-Al-Farabi waziwa eNtshonalanga ngokuthi “u-Alpharabius.” Uyaziwa ngemizamo yakhe yokuvumelanisa izimfundiso zika-Aristotelianism kanye ne-Neoplatonism nemfundiso yenkolo yamaSulumane. Imicabango yakhe ngefilosofi yezepolitiki inikeza ukuqonda okujulile okuhlobene nanamuhla.
Ithonya lika-Aristotle noPlato
Ukuze uqonde umcabango ka-Al-Farabi wezepolitiki, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ithonya labantu ababili abakhulu: uPlato no-Aristotle. U-Al-Farabi wayengumuntu othanda imisebenzi kaPlato no-Aristotle, futhi imizamo yakhe yokuhlanganisa imicabango yalaba bantu ababili befilosofi nomongo wamaSulumane yaba impumelelo emangalisayo.
Encwadini yakhe ethi “Ara Ahl al-Madina al-Fadila” noma “Imicabango Yabakhileyo Edolobheni Eliphelele,” u-Al- Farabi wathuthukisa umqondo we- “Madina al-Fadila” noma “Idolobha Eliyinhloko,” owathonywa kakhulu yi-“Politeia” (iRiphabhulikhi) kaPlato. NjengoPlato, u-Al-Farabi wayefisa ukwakha umphakathi ofanele lapho wonke umuntu efinyelela khona imigomo yakhe ngobulungiswa kanye nobuhle.
Umqondo Wedolobha Eliyinhloko
Inguqulo ka-Al Farabi yeDolobha Elikhulu umphakathi ofanele oholwa "u-al-Hakim" noma umholi ohlakaniphile nohlakaniphile. Umholi ngokombono ka-Al Farabi kumele abe umuntu ongeyena nje uchwepheshe kwezesayensi zomhlaba, kodwa futhi onokuqonda okujulile ngokomoya nolwazi lomthetho waphezulu. Abaholi abanjengalaba kuthiwa banomphefumulo ohlanzekile futhi bazi iqiniso eliphelele, ngoba umholi uyisibuko sikaNkulunkulu emhlabeni.
Idolobha Elikhulu lasungulwa futhi ngezimiso zobulungiswa nobuhle. Wonke umuntu emphakathini kufanele adlale indima ngokwamandla akhe futhi anikele enzuzweni evamile, njengomqondo kaPlato "wokuba ngabantu." Ngokusho kuka-Al-Farabi, impilo ejabulisayo nevumelanayo ingatholakala kuphela ngokuhleleka okuhle kwezepolitiki kanye nohulumeni olungile.
Izici Zomholi Ofanele
Ngokwefilosofi yezepolitiki ka-Al-Farabi, umholi ophakeme, noma "u-Imam," ungumuntu obalulekile kakhulu ohlotsheni oluhle lukahulumeni. Lo mholi kumele abe ngaphezu nje kombusi wezwe; kumele abe umfundisi nomqondisi ongokomoya wabantu bakhe.
U-Al Farabi ugcizelele ukubaluleka kokuziphatha kahle ebuholini. Umholi, wayekholelwa, kumele abe nezimfanelo zokuhlakanipha, amandla, ubulula, neqiniso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umholi kumele abe nolwazi olujulile emikhakheni eyahlukene, okuhlanganisa isayensi, imfundiso yenkolo, kanye nokuziphatha. Ngaphandle kolwazi nokuhlakanipha, umholi ngeke akwazi ukuqonda nokusekela ubulungiswa beqiniso.
Ukwehluka Komphakathi
Emicabangweni yakhe ngefilosofi yezepolitiki, u-Al Farabi wethule nomqondo wokwehlukanisa emphakathini. Njengoba kunjalo emzimbeni womuntu, lapho isitho ngasinye sinomsebenzi othize nobalulekile, kanjalo nomuntu ngamunye emphakathini unendima ethile okumele ayifeze ukuze kuzuze bonke abantu. Kulokhu, u-Al Farabi ugcizelele ukuthi akubona bonke abantu abanamakhono afanayo, ngakho-ke, ukwahlukaniswa komsebenzi kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo kubalulekile.
Kodwa-ke, lokhu kungezwani akufanele kube yisizathu sokungabi nabulungisa noma ukucindezelwa. U-Al-Farabi ugcizelele ukubaluleka kokuvikela amalungelo abo bonke abantu futhi wathi ubulungiswa buyisisekelo sokuhleleka okuhle kwezepolitiki. Wonke umuntu kumele anikezwe ithuba lokuthuthukisa amandla akhe aphelele ngaphakathi kwemingcele enobulungisa nefanelekile.
Indima Yemfundo
Esinye isici esibalulekile sokucabanga kuka-Al Farabi ngefilosofi yezepolitiki yindima yemfundo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi imfundo iyithuluzi eliyinhloko lokufeza imigomo yezepolitiki neyezenhlalo. Imfundo isiza abantu ukuthuthukisa amakhono abo nokuqaphela indima yabo emphakathini. Imfundo iphinde isebenze njengendlela yokwakha ubuntu bomholi ofanele ohlakaniphile nonobulungisa.
Kulo mongo, u-Al Farabi ugcizelele kakhulu ukubaluleka kwemfundo yokuziphatha kanye neyokuziphatha ngaphezu kwemfundo esemthethweni. Wayekholelwa ukuthi imfundo yokuziphatha ibalulekile ekudaleni abantu abanezimiso zokuziphatha eziphakeme kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo, okuzodala umphakathi ovumelanayo nonobulungisa.
Ukuhleleka Kwezepolitiki Ngokwesimo SamaSulumane
U-Al-Farabi wazama nokwakha uhlelo lwezepolitiki olufanele ngaphakathi komongo wamaSulumane. Wayekholelwa ukuthi izimiso zezepolitiki eziqinile aziphikisani nezimfundiso zamaSulumane. Kunalokho, wazama ukuvumelanisa izimiso zezepolitiki zika-Aristotle nezePlato nemfundiso yenkolo yamaSulumane.
Ngokusho kuka-Al-Farabi, umthetho waphezulu, noma i-sharia, uyisiqondiso esiyinhloko sokusungula ukuhleleka kwezepolitiki okunobulungiswa. Umthetho waphezulu, awubheka njengokubonakaliswa kokuhlakanipha nobulungiswa bukaNkulunkulu, kufanele ube yisisekelo sazo zonke izici zikahulumeni. Ngakho-ke, abaholi kumele babe nokuqonda okujulile komthetho waphezulu ukuze basekele ubulungiswa beqiniso emphakathini.
Isiphetho
Imicabango ka-Al-Farabi ngefilosofi yezombusazwe yanikeza uhlelo oluphelele noluphelele lokudala umphakathi ofanele. Ngokuhlanganisa izimfundiso zika-Aristotle, uPlato, kanye nezimiso zobuSulumane, u-Al-Farabi waphumelela ukudala umbono wezepolitiki oyingqayizivele nohlala njalo. Umqondo woMuzi Omkhulu, izici zomholi ofanele, indima yemfundo, kanye nokubaluleka komthetho waphezulu kungenye yezinto ezibalulekile zomcabango wezepolitiki ka-Al-Farabi.
Nakuba umcabango ka-Al-Farabi wavela ngokwengqikithi yekhulu le-10, ukubaluleka kwawo kusabonakala nanamuhla. Lo mcabango unikeza umbono ocebile nojulile wokuthi ungakha kanjani ukuhleleka kwezepolitiki okunobulungiswa nokuvumelanayo, into edingeka kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla, elivame ukukhungathwa yizinkinga zokuziphatha nezepolitiki. Ngakho-ke, ifa lika-Al-Farabi lobuhlakani kwifilosofi yezepolitiki lihlala liwumthombo obalulekile wokuphefumulela izizukulwane ezizayo.
