Umqondo Wokuzibusa Kufilosofi Yokuphila Kwabantu
I-Existentialism iyisikole sefilosofi esigcizelela ukuba khona komuntu, inkululeko, kanye nokukhetha komuntu ngamunye. Empeleni, i-existentialism iyindlela yokusabela emasikweni efilosofi agcizelela ubunjalo noma into njengesikhungo sazo zonke izinto. Le filosofi ikholelwa ukuthi ubukhona buqala ubunjalo, okusho ukuthi abantu baqala ngokuba khona bese bezichaza ngezenzo nokukhetha. Esinye isici esibalulekile se-existentialism umqondo wokuzibusa, okungeyona nje into engokwengqondo kodwa futhi eyifilosofi.
Isingeniso kuMqondo Wobuwena ku-Existentialism
Umqondo wokuzicabangela wena ku-existentialism umayelana nendlela abantu abaziqonda ngayo, abakha ngayo ubuwena babo, futhi baphile impilo ngenkululeko nangomthwalo wemfanelo. Abantu abanjengoJean-Paul Sartre, uMartin Heidegger , noSoren Kierkegaard bangabanye bezazi zefilosofi ezenze iminikelo ebalulekile kulokhu kuqonda.
UJean-Paul Sartre: Inkululeko Nobuqiniso
UJean-Paul Sartre mhlawumbe ungomunye wabantu abaziwayo kakhulu bobukhona bezinto. Waphikisana ngokuthi abantu bakhululekile ngokuphelele futhi banesibopho sazo zonke izinqumo nezenzo zabo. Ngokusho kukaSartre, abantu abanalo i-essential eqondile ebachaza kusukela ekuzalweni. Kunalokho, ukuba khona komuntu ngamunye kuqala ngaphambi kwe-essential, okusho ukuthi abantu bakhona ngokuyinhloko, baphila emhlabeni, futhi ngezenzo zabo, banquma ukuthi bangobani.
KuSartre, umqondo wobuwena uyinto ehlala ishintsha futhi ibunjwa yizinqumo esizenzayo. Abantu kumele bazivuselele njalo. Kodwa-ke, le nkululeko nayo ithwala umthwalo omkhulu wemfanelo. USartre wasebenzisa igama elithi "ukugwetshwa ukuba ukhululekile" ukuchaza umthwalo wale nkululeko. Lapho umuntu eqaphela inkululeko ephelele kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo ogcwele ngaye, angabhekana "nezifo zokuphila" njengokukhathazeka nokuphelelwa yithemba.
Ubuqiniso bungumqondo oyinhloko emcabangweni kaSartre. Ukuba yiqiniso kusho ukuqaphela inkululeko yethu nokwenza ngokuvumelana nayo, kunokufihla izindima zomphakathi noma izimiso ezibekwe ngumphakathi. USartre wagxeka labo abaphila “ngokholo olubi,” okusho ukwenqaba inkululeko yabo nokuzibheka njengezinto ezilawulwa yizimo zangaphandle.
UMartin Heidegger : UDasein kanye Nokuphila Kwangempela
UMartin Heidegger unikeza ukuqonda okujulile kokuba khona ngomqondo we-"Dasein," ohunyushwa cishe ngokuthi "ukuba-ezweni." KuHeidegger, abantu ababona abantu abazimele noma abaqondile ngomqondo wakudala. Kunalokho, bayizidalwa maqondana nomhlaba obazungezile. Umqondo we-Dasein usiphoqelela ukuba sicabange ngokuba khona komuntu ngaphakathi komongo wezwe langempela, hhayi ngaphandle kwalo.
UHeidegger uphinde wagcizelela ukuthi abantu empeleni bangabantu "abavulelekile" encazelweni nasekuqondeni bona kanye nomhlaba obazungezile. Ngakho-ke, ukuba khona komuntu kuyinqubo eguquguqukayo futhi ayikaze ihlale injalo. Esinye isici esibalulekile salokhu kuba khona yikhono lokuqonda ukuthi "sikhona" kanjani kuleli zwe futhi siziqondise emigomweni yangempela.
Ukuphila kwangempela, ngokombono kaHeidegger, kuhilela ukuqaphela "Ukuba-kuya-ekufeni." Lokhu akuphathelene nokuthanda ukufa ngokweqile, kodwa kunalokho ukuqonda ukuthi izimpilo zethu zinomkhawulo futhi zingaphela nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, okube sekusiphoqa ukuba senze izinqumo ezinengqondo.
I-Søren Kierkegaard: Ukuzithoba kanye nokuba khona
USøren Kierkegaard uvame ukubhekwa njengophayona we-existentialism, yize abhala kudala ngaphambi kokuba leli gama lithandwe. Isazi sefilosofi esijulile senkolo, uKierkegaard wasondela emqondweni wokuzibona ngeso lokuzicabangela okujulile kanye nokholo kuNkulunkulu.
UKiekegaard ugcizelele ukuthi iqiniso elivela kumuntu liyisici esibalulekile ekuphileni komuntu. Ngokombono wakhe, abantu kumele baphishekele impilo enenjongo ngezinqumo ezijulile zomuntu siqu, ngokuvamile ezihilela “ukweqa ukholo.” Lokhu kusho ukuthi esikhundleni sokuthembela kuphela ekucabangeni noma ebufakazini bangaphandle, abantu kumele benze izinqumo zokuphila ezihilela ukuzibophezela okugcwele kokuthile okungase kungabi sobala noma okuqondakalayo.
Ukuze sibe yiqiniso, ngokusho kukaKierkegaard, umuntu kumele abhekane futhi amukele "ukukhathazeka" okukhona ekuphileni komuntu. Lokhu kukhathazeka, kuKierkegaard, kubangelwa ukuqaphela inkululeko yethu kanye nethuba lokulahlekelwa noma ukubhubhisa ubuwena bethu. Kodwa-ke, ukugwema noma ukucindezela lokhu kukhathazeka kungaholela ekubeni khona okungajulile nokungaqinisekile.
Imiphumela Yokuzicabangela Empilweni Yansuku Zonke
Umqondo wokuzicabangela wena kufilosofi yobukhona bezinto unikeza ukuqonda okujulile futhi ngezinye izikhathi okuyinselele mayelana nendlela okufanele siphile futhi siziqonde ngayo. Esinye isici esibalulekile umthwalo wemfanelo womuntu siqu. Uma samukela ukuthi sikhululekile ngokuphelele futhi sinomthwalo wemfanelo ngokuthi singobani, khona-ke asinakusola abanye noma izimo ngokwehluleka noma impumelelo yethu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubukhona bezinto bugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuphila ngendlela yangempela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kumelwe sizibuze njalo imibuzo mayelana nokuthi singobani nokuthi yini esiyifunayo empilweni. Izinqumo zethu kufanele zibonise inkululeko yethu nokuqonda kwethu, kunokuba zivumelane nje nokulindela kwangaphandle.
I-Existentialism ifundisa nokuthi impilo igcwele ukungaqiniseki nokuthi ukukhathazeka kuyingxenye yemvelo yokuphila komuntu. Esikhundleni sokubona lokhu njengento okufanele igwenywe, ama-existentialist aphikisana ngokuthi ukubhekana nalokhu kukhathazeka kungasisiza sifinyelele ukuqonda okujulile ngathi kanye nencazelo yokuphila kwethu.
Isiphetho
I-Existentialism inikeza ukuqonda okuyingqayizivele futhi okuvame ukujula ngomqondo wokuzicabangela. Igcizelela inkululeko, umthwalo wemfanelo, kanye nokuphishekela impilo yangempela, le filosofi isimema hhayi nje kuphela ukuthi sicabange kodwa futhi senze ngokuvumelana nokuqonda kwethu okujulile ngathi. Ezweni lokushintsha okuqhubekayo kanye nokungaqiniseki okuvame ukwenzeka, i-existentialism isabalulekile emibuzweni engaphelelwa yisikhathi mayelana nencazelo yomuntu, injongo, kanye nobunikazi bakhe.
